Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of death from cancer all over the world. New and improved approaches are needed to detect CRC early and develop effective therapeutic approaches. Recently, the role of non-coding small microRNAs (miRs) in CRC initiation and progression has been proposed. In this article, we have summarized which miRs are commonly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms in CRC and their contribution towards gene regulation leading to carcinogenesis. The potential implications of using miR as a marker of risk, therapeutic target and survival are discussed. Future studies should emphasize translational research including the validation of key findings from different laboratories and investigators and the implications of these findings for clinical practice.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61:69–90
Khare S, Verma M (2012) Epigenetics of colon cancer. Methods Mol Biol 863:177–185
Schetter AJ, Okayama H, Harris CC (2012) The role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer. Cancer J 18:244–252
Rossi S, Di Narzo AF, Mestdagh P, Jacobs B, Bosman FT, Gustavsson B et al (2012) MicroRNAs in colon cancer: a roadmap for discovery. FEBS Lett 586:3000–3007
Lopez-Serra P, Esteller M (2012) DNA methylation-associated silencing of tumor-suppressor microRNAs in cancer. Oncogene 31:1609–1622
Place RF, Li LC, Pookot D, Noonan EJ, Dahiya R (2008) MicroRNA-373 induces expression of genes with complementary promoter sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1608–1613
Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B (1983) Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts. Nature 301:89–92
Jones PA, Baylin SB (2007) The epigenomics of cancer. Cell 128:683–692
Lujambio A, Ropero S, Ballestar E, Fraga MF, Cerrato C, Setien F et al (2007) Genetic unmasking of an epigenetically silenced microRNA in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 67:1424–1429
Pavicic W, Perkio E, Kaur S, Peltomaki P (2011) Altered methylation at microRNA-associated CpG islands in hereditary and sporadic carcinomas: a methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (Ms-Mlpa)-based approach. Mol Med 17:726–735
Sandoval J, Heyn H, Moran S, Serra-Musach J, Pujana MA, Bibikova M et al (2011) Validation of a DNA methylation microarray for 450,000 CpG sites in the human genome. Epigenetics 6:692–702
Hur K, Toiyama Y, Takahashi M, Balaguer F, Nagasaka T, Koike J et al (2012) MicroRNA-200c modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Emt) in human colorectal cancer metastasis. Gut. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301846
Davalos V, Moutinho C, Villanueva A, Boque R, Silva P, Carneiro F et al (2012) Dynamic epigenetic regulation of the microRNA-200 family mediates epithelial and mesenchymal transitions in human tumorigenesis. Oncogene 31:2062–2074
Lujambio A, Esteller M (2009) How epigenetics can explain human metastasis: a new role for microRNAs. Cell Cycle 8:377–382
Toyota M, Suzuki H, Sasaki Y, Maruyama R, Imai K, Shinomura Y et al (2008) Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-34b/C and B-Cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 68:4123–4132
Lujambio A, Calin GA, Villanueva A, Ropero S, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Blanco D et al (2008) A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:13556–13561
Bandres E, Cubedo E, Agirre X, Malumbres R, Zarate R, Ramirez N et al (2006) Identification by real time PCR of 13 mature microRNAs differentially expressed in colorectal cancer and non tumoral tissues. Mol Cancer 5:29. doi: 10.1186
Bandres E, Agirre X, Bitarte N, Ramirez N, Zarate R, Roman-Gomez J et al (2009) Epigenetic regulation of microRNA expression in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 125:2737–2743
Balaguer F, Link A, Lozano JJ, Cuatrecasas M, Nagasaka T, Boland CR et al (2010) Epigenetic silencing of miR-137 is an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 70:6609–6618
Grady WM, Parkin RK, Mitchell PS, Lee JH, Kim YH, Tsuchiya KD et al (2008) Epigenetic silencing of the intronic microRNA hsa-miR-342 and its host gene EVL in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 27:3880–3888
Yan H, Choi AJ, Lee BH, Ting AH (2011) Identification and functional analysis of epigenetically silenced microRNAs in colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 6:e20628
Tanaka T, Arai M, Wu S, Kanda T, Miyauchi H, Imazeki F et al (2011) Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-373 plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation in colon cancer. Oncol Rep 26:1329–1335
Choudhry H, Catto JW (2011) Epigenetic regulation of microRNA expression in cancer. Methods Mol Biol 676:165–184
Hoshino I, Matsubara H (2012) MicroRNAs in cancer diagnosis and therapy: from bench to bedside. Surg Today. doi: 10.1007/s00595-012-0392-5
Kamimae S, Yamamoto E, Yamano HO, Nojima M, Suzuki H, Ashida M et al (2011) Epigenetic alteration of DNA in mucosal wash fluid predicts invasiveness of colorectal tumors. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4:674–683
Kalimutho M, Di Cecilia S, Del Vecchio BG, Roviello F, Sileri P, Cretella M et al (2011) Epigenetically silenced miR-34b/C as a novel faecal-based screening marker for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 104:1770–1778
Diaz R, Silva J, Garcia JM, Lorenzo Y, Garcia V, Pena C et al (2008) Deregulated expression of miR-106a predicts survival in human colon cancer patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 47:794–802
Karaayvaz M, Pal T, Song B, Zhang C, Georgakopoulos P, Mehmood S et al (2011) Prognostic significance of miR-215 in colon cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 10:340–347
King CE, Cuatrecasas M, Castells A, Sepulveda AR, Lee JS, Rustgi AK (2011) Lin28b promotes colon cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 71:4260–4268
Pichler M, Winter E, Stotz M, Eberhard K, Samonigg H, Lax S et al (2012) Down-regulation of KRAS-interacting miRNA-143 predicts poor prognosis but not response to EGFR-targeted agents in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 106:1826–1832
Schetter AJ, Leung SY, Sohn JJ, Zanetti KA, Bowman ED, Yanaihara N et al (2008) MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 299:425–436
Schetter AJ, Nguyen GH, Bowman ED, Mathe EA, Yuen ST, Hawkes JE et al (2009) Association of inflammation-related and microRNA gene expression with cancer-specific mortality of colon adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 15:5878–5887
Chen J, Shi Y, Li Z, Yu H, Han Y, Wang X et al (2011) A functional variant of Ic53 correlates with the late onset of colorectal cancer. Mol Med 17:607–618
Hezova R, Kovarikova A, Bienertova-Vasku J, Sachlova M, Redova M, Vasku A et al (2012) Evaluation of SNPs in miR-196-A2, miR-27a and miR-146a as risk factors of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 18:2827–2831
Ryan BM, McClary AC, Valeri N, Robinson D, Paone A, Bowman ED et al (2012) Rs4919510 in hsa-miR-608 is associated with outcome but not risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 7:e36306
Migliore C, Martin V, Leoni VP, Restivo A, Atzori L, Petrelli A et al (2012) MiR-1 downregulation cooperates with MACC1 in promoting met overexpression in human colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 18:737–747
Anton R, Chatterjee SS, Simundza J, Cowin P, Dasgupta R (2011) A systematic screen for micro-RNAs regulating the canonical Wnt pathway. PLoS One 6:e26257
Kanaan Z, Rai SN, Eichenberger MR, Barnes C, Dworkin AM, Weller C et al (2012) Differential microRNA expression tracks neoplastic progression in inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer. Hum Mutat 33:551–560
Wang X, Wang J, Ma H, Zhang J, Zhou X (2012) Downregulation of miR-195 correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 29:919–927
Xi Y, Formentini A, Chien M, Weir DB, Russo JJ, Ju J et al (2006) Prognostic values of microRNAs in colorectal cancer. Biomark Insights 2:113–121
Vinci S, Gelmini S, Mancini I, Malentacchi F, Pazzagli M, Beltrami C et al (2013) Genetic and epigenetic factors in regulation of microRNA in colorectal cancers. Methods 59:138–146
Okayama H, Schetter AJ, Harris CC (2012) MicroRNAs and inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of colon cancer. Dig Dis 30(Suppl 2):9–15
Xiong B, Cheng Y, Ma L, Zhang C (2013) MiR-21 regulates biological behavior through the PTEN/PI-3 K/Akt signaling pathway in human colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 42:219–228
Kjaer-Frifeldt S, Hansen TF, Nielsen BS, Joergensen S, Lindebjerg J, Soerensen FB et al (2012) The prognostic importance of miR-21 in stage II colon cancer: a population-based study. Br J Cancer 107:1169–1174
Vogt M, Munding J, Gruner M, Liffers ST, Verdoodt B, Hauk J et al (2011) Frequent concomitant inactivation of miR-34a and miR-34b/C by CpG methylation in colorectal, pancreatic, mammary, ovarian, urothelial, and renal cell carcinomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Virchows Arch 458:313–322
Kim NH, Kim HS, Kim NG, Lee I, Choi HS, Li XY et al (2011) P53 and MicroRNA-34 are suppressors of canonical Wnt signaling. Sci Signal 4(197):ra71
Mudduluru G, Ceppi P, Kumarswamy R, Scagliotti GV, Papotti M, Allgayer H (2011) Regulation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase expression by miR-34a and miR-199a/B in solid cancer. Oncogene 30:2888–2899
Tsuchida A, Ohno S, Wu W, Borjigin N, Fujita K, Aoki T et al (2011) MiR-92 is a key oncogenic component of the miR-17-92 cluster in colon cancer. Cancer Sci 102:2264–2271
Earle JS, Luthra R, Romans A, Abraham R, Ensor J, Yao H et al (2010) Association of microRNa expression with microsatellite instability status in colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Mol Diagn 12:433–440
Motoyama K, Inoue H, Takatsuno Y, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Uetake H et al (2009) Over- and under-expressed microRNAs in human colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 34:1069–1075
Xu XM, Qian JC, Deng ZL, Cai Z, Tang T, Wang P et al (2012) Expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-96 and miR-135b is correlated with the clinical parameters of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 4:339–345
Hamfjord J, Stangeland AM, Hughes T, Skrede ML, Tveit KM, Ikdahl T et al (2012) Differential expression of miRNAs in colorectal cancer: comparison of paired tumor tissue and adjacent normal mucosa using high-throughput sequencing. PLoS One 7:e34150
Li XM, Wang AM, Zhang J, Yi H (2011) Down-regulation of miR-126 expression in colorectal cancer and its clinical significance. Med Oncol 28:1054–1057
Wu J, Qian J, Li C, Kwok L, Cheng F, Liu P et al (2010) MiR-129 regulates cell proliferation by downregulating CDK6 expression. Cell Cycle 9:1809–1818
Koga Y, Yasunaga M, Takahashi A, Kuroda J, Moriya Y, Akasu T et al (2010) MicroRNA expression profiling of exfoliated colonocytes isolated from feces for colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3:1435–1442
Nagel R, le Sage C, Diosdado B, van der Waal M, Oude Vrielink JA, Bolijn A et al (2008) Regulation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene by the miR-135 family in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 68:5795–5802
Ma Q, Yang L, Wang C, Yu YY, Zhou B, Zhou ZG (2011) Differential expression of colon cancer microRNA in microarry study. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 42:344–348
Faltejskova P, Svoboda M, Srutova K, Mlcochova J, Besse A, Nekvindova J et al (2012) Identification and functional screening of microRNAs highly deregulated in colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 16:2655–2666
Mosakhani N, Sarhadi VK, Borze I, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Sundstrom J, Ristamaki R et al (2012) MicroRNA profiling differentiates colorectal cancer according to KRAS status. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 51:1–9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, Q., Verma, M., Khare, S. (2013). Epigenetic Regulation of MicroRNA in Colon Cancer. In: Sarkar, F. (eds) Epigenetics and Cancer. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6612-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6612-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6611-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6612-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)