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The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Volatile Messengers in Trees

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Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

Part of the book series: Tree Physiology ((TREE,volume 5))

Abstract

All tree species possess genes encoding terminal enzymes responsible for volatile isoprenoid synthesis. However, only in some species, these genes are expressed constitutively in leaves, while terpenoid emissions can be triggered by abiotic and biotic stress factor in essentially all species. This chapter analyses the biochemical diversity of volatile isoprenoid synthases and investigates the genomic modifications responsible for constitutive volatile production in trees. Plant terpenoids are up to three-domain proteins with either one active center in monofunctional synthases, or two active centers in bifunctional synthases. There is evidence of monophyletic origin of modern plant terpenoid synthases from a three-domain synthase in an ancient progenitor followed by extensive gene duplication and domain loss. The terpenoid synthase sequence similarity can be low among distant plant groups, but terpenoid tertiary structure is remarkably similar in different synthases, and this structural similarity is even conserved across domains of life. However, only minor changes in active center structure can lead to major changes in product profiles, indicating that presence of rich terpenoid genetic diversity constitutes an important means for rapid evolutionary adaptations to novel biotic interactions, and to new abiotic stresses in plant habitats.

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Acknowledgements

Authors’ work on plant volatiles is funded by the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education (institutional grant IUT-8-3), the European Science Foundation (Eurocores project A-BIO-VOC), the European Commission through European Regional Fund (the Center of Excellence in Environmental Adaptation) and the European Research Council (advanced grant 322603, SIP-VOL+). We thank Dr. Maaria Rosenkranz for insightful comments on the manuscript.

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  1. Genetic Engineering and Molecular Genetics, Biotechnology and Life Science Center and School of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Golestan BLV, Ahvaz, Iran

    Hamid Rajabi Memari

  2. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia

    Leila Pazouki & Ülo Niinemets

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  1. Hamid Rajabi Memari
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  2. Leila Pazouki
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Correspondence to Leila Pazouki .

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  1. Institute of Agricultural and, Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia

    Ülo Niinemets

  2. School of Natural Resources and, the Environment, University of Arizona, N Park Ave, Suite 532 845, Tucson, 85721, Arizona, USA

    Russell K. Monson

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Memari, H.R., Pazouki, L., Niinemets, Ü. (2013). The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Volatile Messengers in Trees. In: Niinemets, Ü., Monson, R. (eds) Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions. Tree Physiology, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8_3

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