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Global Modelling of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

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Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

Part of the book series: Tree Physiology ((TREE,volume 5))

Abstract

The majority of volatile organic compounds emitted from the terrestrial biosphere (BVOCs) are highly reactive hydrocarbons that have been shown to affect atmospheric composition across the full range of temporal scales from fractions of seconds to centuries and spatial scales from μm to global. Furthermore, biogenic emissions are thought to account for around 90 % of the total quantity of non-methane hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere each year. As a result, BVOCs have substantial air quality and climate impacts, and there is an urgent need to quantify and map their emissions as precisely as possible. In this chapter we outline the use of computer models to estimate annual global emissions of BVOCs and the on-going efforts to validate and constrain the output from such models. The current generation of BVOC emission models generally includes only the constitutive emissions of a handful of compounds: chiefly isoprene, monoterpenes and methanol, which are thought to account for about 80 % of the total flux from the biosphere. At present, it is estimated by global models that total annual emission of isoprene amounts to around 500 Tg of carbon, with the emissions dominated by tropical ecosystems and by tree species. The emissions of monoterpenes are similarly distributed, although high levels of monoterpene emissions are also seen from the boreal forests. There is currently no consensus on the annual estimate of monoterpene emission, with estimates ranging from 30 to 150 Tg of carbon. Apart from these main compounds, the biosphere emits many hundreds of different compounds, some of which are produced as a short-lived, transient response to stress rather than as constitutive emissions. We discuss the role that biogenic emissions of reactive trace gases play in the Earth system as a whole, and consider the potential feedbacks that exist between BVOC emissions, atmospheric composition, air quality and climate, and the terrestrial biosphere, and how these can be studied with Earth system models. We finally suggest ways of improving and further developing the global models.

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Abbreviations

ANN:

Artificial Neural Networks

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BER:

Basal emission rate

BVOCs:

Biogenic volatile organic compounds

CCMs:

Chemistry-climate models

CCN:

Cloud condensation nuclei

CTMs:

Chemistry-transport models

DMADP:

Dimethylallyl diphosphate

ESMs:

Earth system models

GCMs:

General circulation models

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PPFD:

Photosynthetic quantum flux density

PFTs:

Plant functional types

SOA:

Secondary organic aerosols

VOCs:

Volatile organic compounds

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

    Kirsti Ashworth

  2. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement – LSCE-IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Christophe Boissard & Juliette Lathière

  3. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, Devon, UK

    Gerd Folberth

  4. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden

    Guy Schurgers

Authors
  1. Kirsti Ashworth
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  2. Christophe Boissard
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  3. Gerd Folberth
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  4. Juliette Lathière
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  5. Guy Schurgers
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juliette Lathière .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Agricultural and, Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia

    Ülo Niinemets

  2. School of Natural Resources and, the Environment, University of Arizona, N Park Ave, Suite 532 845, Tucson, 85721, Arizona, USA

    Russell K. Monson

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Ashworth, K., Boissard, C., Folberth, G., Lathière, J., Schurgers, G. (2013). Global Modelling of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions. In: Niinemets, Ü., Monson, R. (eds) Biology, Controls and Models of Tree Volatile Organic Compound Emissions. Tree Physiology, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6606-8_16

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