Skip to main content

The Four Orientations to Education Framework

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Understanding Education Policy

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Education ((BRIEFSEDUCAT))

Abstract

The science historian Thomas Kuhn used the word ‘paradigm’ to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline during a particular period of time, and over time began using the word ‘exemplar’ to discuss particular normative models of sciences. Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as a widely recognised approach to science that, for a time, provides model problems and solutions for the research community . It is therefore a philosophy behind science approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Quasi-autonomous national government organisations or funding agencies.

References

  • Angelides, S. (2008). The continuing homosexual offensive: sex education, gay rights and homosexual recruitment. In S. Robinson (Ed.), Homophobia: An Australian history (pp. 172–192). Sydney: The Federation Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. W. (1990). Ideology and the curriculum. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. W. (1993). Official knowledge. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. W. (1998). Knowledge, pedagogy, and the conservative alliance. Studies in the Literary Imagination, 31(1), 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Government. (1989). National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy (AEP). Retrieved from http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/schools/indigenous/aep.htm

  • Ball, S., & Exley, S. (2010). Making policy with ‘good ideas’: Policy networks and the ‘intellectuals’ of New Labour. Journal of Education Policy, 25(2), 151–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S., Maguire, M., & Macrae, S. (2000). Choices, transitions and pathways: New youth, new economies in the global city. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, L. (1997). Inclusive education: Romantic, subversive or realistic? International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1(3), 231–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Z. (2005). Work, consumerism and the new poor. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beams, N. (2004, 12 July 2004). What’s at Stake in Australia’s “History Wars”: Competing Political Agendas. World Socialist Web Site from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/jul2004/hiw1-j12.shtml

  • Beck, U. (1992). The risk society. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann, A., Cooper, C., & Hill, D. (2009). Neoliberalization and managerialization of ‘education’ in England and Wales—a case for reconstructing education. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 7(2), 311–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bee Bee S. (2001, 2–6 December 2001). A critical discourse analysis of the mission statement of education in SingaporeSNG01002. Paper presented at the AARE 2001 Conference. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. Q. (1979). Parent, child, and reciprocal influences. American Psychologist, 34(10), 821–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. (1971). Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central themes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackmore, J. (2006). Deconstructing diversity discourses in the field of educational management and leadership. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 34(2), 181–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, A., & Monk, D. (2009). Sex education and the law in England and Wales: The importance of legal narratives. In L. D. H. Sauerteig & R. Davidson (Eds.), Shaping sexual knowledge: A cultural history of sex education in twentieth century Europe (pp. 37–54). London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boston, K. (1997). Homophobia in schools. Retrieved from https://www.det.nsw.edu.au/policies/student_serv/student_welfare/homoph_sch/PD20050287.shtml?level=Schools&categories=Schools%7CAccess+%26+equity%7CHomosexuality

  • Britzman, D. (1995). Is there a queer pedagogy? Or, stop reading straight. Educational Theory, 45(2), 151–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, M., & De Castell, S. (1993). Queer pedagogy: Praxis makes im/perfect. Journal of Education, 18(3), 285–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, J. (1978). From private preferences to public philosophy: the development of public choice. In J. Buchanan (Ed.), The economics of politics (pp. 1–20). London: Institute of Economic Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchell, G. (1993). Liberal government and techniques of the self. Economy and Society, 22(3), 267–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, J., & Yount, M. (2006). Foucault and the critique of institutions. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. L. (1992). Identity conflict and change. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education (pp. 34–58). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. L. (2005). Poststructuralism. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education, and sexualities: An international encyclopedia (pp. 635–638). London: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catholic Education Office Melbourne. (2001). Directives for Christian education in sexuality. Retrieved from http://web.ceo.melb.catholic.edu.au/index.php?sectionid=10

  • Chubb, J., & Moe, T. (1990). Politics, markets and America’ s schools. Washington: Brookings Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloud, J. (2005, Oct 2). The battle over gay teens. Time Magazine, 42–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compton, A. Y. (1989). Multicultural perspectives on sex education. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 4(1), 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Augelli, A. R. (1998). Developmental implications of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. In G. M. Harek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 187–210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, R. (1989). The state and education policy. Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, R., Osman, R., & Buchler, M. (2010). Education policy studies in South Africa, 1995–2006. Journal of Education Policy, 25(1), 95–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan, M. (2001). Paradigms in the social sciences. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baites (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (Vol. 16). New York: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuGay, P. (1996). Consumption and identity at work. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, L. (1992). Making it perfectly queer. Socialist Review, 22(1), 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earls, R. F., Fraser, J., & Sumpter, B. (1992). Sexuality education—In whose interests? In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education (pp. 300–324). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elia, J. P. (2005). Sexuality education. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education, sexualities: An international encyclopedia (pp. 785–789). London: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feltey, K. M., Ainslie, J. J., & Geib, A. (1991). Sexual coercion attitudes among high school students: The influence of gender and rape education. Youth & Society, 23(2), 229–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, T. (1991). Canadian school policy in liberal and post-liberal eras: Historical perspectives on the changing social context of schooling, 1846–1990. Journal of Education Policy, 6(2), 183–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonow, M. M., & Marty, D. (1992). Teaching college students about sexuality from feminist perspectives. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education (pp. 157–170). New York: Teachers College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1969a). The archeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1969b). What is an author? In D. F. Bouchard (Ed.), Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected essays and interviews (pp. 113–138). New York: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1976). The history of sexuality: Volume one, the will to knowledge. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1981). The history of sexuality (Vol. 1). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, B. (2006). Heroes or zeroes? The discursive positioning of ‘underachieving boys’ in English neo-liberal education policy’. Journal of Education Policy, 21(2), 187–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (1993). Clintonism, welfare and the antisocial wage: The emergence of a neo-liberal political imagery. Rethinking Marxism, 6, 9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freakley, M., & Burgh, G. (2002). Engaging with ethics: Ethical inquiry for teachers. Katoomba: Social Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. (2004). Studying society and environment, a guide for teachers (3rd ed.). Victoria: Thomson Social Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R., & Hoepper, B. (2004). The place of values. In R. Gilbert (Ed.), Studying society and environment: A guide for teachers (3rd ed., pp. 93–111). Southbank: Thomson/Social Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, J. (2008). Social inclusion for South Australian schooling? Trying to reconcile the promise and the practice. Journal of Education Policy, 23(5), 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillborn, D. (2005). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, critical race theory and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giroux, H. (1993). Border crossings: Cultural works and the politics of education. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • GLSEN. (2004). State of the states: A policy analysis of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) safer schools issues. New York: Gay Lesbian and Straight Education Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, L., & Whitty, G. (1997). Giving the ‘hidden hand’ a helping hand? The rhetoric and reality of neoliberal education reform in England and New Zealand. Comparative Education, 33(3), 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, C. A., & Lei, J. L. (2001). Global construction of multicultural education: Theories and realities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, C. A., & Sleeter, C. E. (2002). Making choices for multicultural education: Five approaches to race, class, and gender. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greslé-Favier, C. (2010). The legacy of abstinence-only discourses and the place of pleasure in US discourses on teenage sexuality. Sex Education, 10(4), 413–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gusrang, J. L., & Cheng, S. (2010). Government influence and community involvement on abstinence-only programs in 1999 and 2003. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 5(3), 240–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haffner, D. W. (1992). Sexuality education in policy and practice. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Sexuality and the curriculum: The politics and practices of sexuality education (pp. vii–viii). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hekman, S. (1999). Identity crises: Identity, identity politics, and beyond. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 2(1), 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgs, J. (2010). Hermeneutics as meta-strategy. In J. Higgs, N. Cherry, R. Macklin, & R. Ajjawi (Eds.), Researching practice (pp. 309–322). Rotterdam: Sense.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, L., Jones, T., Monagle, M., Overton, N., Gahan, L., Blackman, J., et al. (2010). Writing themselves in 3: The third national study on the sexual health and wellbeing of same-sex attracted and gender questioning young people. Melbourne: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, A., & Spours, K. (2006). An analytical framework for policy engagement: The contested case of 14–19 reform in England. Journal of Education Policy, 21(6), 679–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoepper, B., Henderson, D., Hennessey, J., Hutton, D., & Mitchell, S. (1996). Inquiry 2: A source-based approach to modern history. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • House of Commons. (2005). The schools white paper: Higher standards, better schools for all.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, R., & Jensen, J. (2009). The school report: The experiences of young gay people in Britain’s schools. London: Stonewall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J. (2002). Talk about sex: The battles over sex education in the United States. Berkeley, California; London: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. (2007). Framing the framework. In R. Brown, G. Finger, & C. Rushton (Eds.), Education research: Who needs it? (pp. 47–70). Teneriffe: Post Pressed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. (2009). Framing the framework: Discourses in Australia’s national values education policy. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 8(1), 35–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemmis, S., Cole, P., & Suggett, D. (1983). Orientations to curriculum and transition: Towards the socially critical school. Melbourne: Victorian Institute of Secondary Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, T. (2007). Conservative education policy: Its ideological contradictions. Government and Opposition, 30(2), 198–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehn, L., Brouillette, V., Bouvier, R., Karlenzig, B., Karp, S., Hatcher, R., et al. (2006). Neoliberal assault on education sparks global resistance. CCPA Monitor, 13(4), 20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumashiro, K. (2002). Troubling education: Queer activism and anti-oppressive pedagogy. New York: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leitch, V., Cain, W., Finke, L., Johnson, B., McGowan, J., & Williams, J. (2001). The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L. (1996). The opening of the American mind. Boston: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin, A. (1994). The case for a gay and lesbian curriculum. High School Journal, 77(1), 95–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macgillivray, I. K., & Jennings, T. (2008). A content analysis exploring lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender topics in foundations of education textbooks. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(2), 170–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, S., & Clark, A. (2003). The history wars. Carlton: Melbourne University Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magrab, P. (2003). UNESCO open file on inclusive education: Support materials for managers and administrators. Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahony, P. (1998). Girls will be girls and boys will be first. In D. Epstein, J. Elwood, V. Hey, & J. Maw (Eds.), Failing boys? (pp. 37–55). Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (1997). Markets in education. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (2007). The public/private divide in higher education: A global revision. Higher Education, 53, 307–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, C. (2005). Multicultural education. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education and sexualities: An international encyclopedia (pp. 561–565). London: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, M. (1997). Different perspectives on black armband history. Sydney: Politics and Public Administration Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulics, M. (1998). A systematic classification of approaches in values/ethics/moral/character education. San Diego: United States International University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montessori Australia Foundation. (2007). Multicultural statement sample. Retrieved from www.montessori.org.au

  • Moran, J. P. (2000). Teaching sex: The shaping of adolescence in the 20th century. London: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, D., & Zavarzadeh, M. (1991). Theory pedagogy politics: The crisis of “the subject” in the humanities. In D. Morton & M. Zavarzadeh (Eds.), Theory/pedagogy/politics: Texts for change (pp. 1–32). Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noddings, N. (1992). The challenge to care in schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noddings, N. (2003). Caring: A feminine approach to ethics and moral education (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • NT Government. (1998). Multicultural education. Retrieved from http://www.det.nt.gov.au/corporate/policies/schools_policy_handbook.shtml

  • NT Government. (2007). Healthy school-age kids: The northern territory school-age child health promotion program manual for remote communities. Retrieved from remotehealthatlas.nt.gov.au/healthy_school_age_kids_program.pdf

  • Nudzor, H. P. (2009). Re-conceptualising the paradox in policy implementation: A post-modernist conceptual approach. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 30(4), 501–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2003). Diversity, inclusion and equity: Insights from special needs provision. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olssen, M., Codd, J., & O’Neill, A. (2004). Education policy: Globalization, citizenship, and democracy. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olssen, M., & Peters, M. (2005). Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: From the free market to knowledge capitalism. Journal of Education Policy, 20, 313–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozga, J. (2000). Policy research in educational settings: Contested terrain. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, W. F. (2005). Queer and queer theory. In J. T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education, and sexualities: An international encyclopedia (pp. 673–675). London: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Power, S., & Whitty, G. (1999). New Labour’s education policy: First, second or third way? Journal of Education Policy, 14(5), 535–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Public Health Agency of Canada. (2008). Canadian guidelines for sexual health education. Ottawa, Ontario: Infectious Disease and Emergency Preparedness Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • QLD Government. (2005). Inclusive education statement. Retrieved from www.education.qld.gov.au/studentservices/learning/docs/inclusedstatement2005.pdf

  • Raab, C. D. (1994). Theorising the governance of education. British Journal of Educational Studies, 42(1), 6–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinbach, A. G. (1973). The politicization of Wilhelm Reich: An introduction to “The Sexual Misery of the Working Masses and the Difficulties of Sexual Reform”. New German Critique, 1(1), 90–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redden, G., & Remy, L. (2012). My school, education, and cultures of rating and ranking. Review of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies, 34(1–2), 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1999). Powers of freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatier, P. (1986). Top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation research: A critical analysis and suggested synthesis. Journal of Public Policy, 6(1), 21–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauerteig, L. D. H., & Davidson, R. (Eds.). (2009). Shaping sexual knowledge: a cultural history of sex education in twentieth century Europe. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, J. A. (Ed.). (1978). Science, curriculum and liberal education: Selected essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, J. T. (2005). Youth, education and sexualities: An international encyclopedia (Vol. 1: A–J). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia. (1996). Australia’s Indigenous Languages. Adelaide: Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, M., Olssen, M., & Peters, M. (Eds.). (2009). Re-reading education policies (Vol. 32). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talburt, S., & Steinberg, S. (2000). Thinking queer: Sexuality, culture and education. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trowler, P. (1998). Education policy: A policy sociology approach. Eastbourne, UK: The Gildridge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle, L. (1986). Encylopedia of feminism. London: Arrow Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Congress. (2002). No child left behind act of 2001. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

  • Veugelers, W. (2000). Different ways of teaching values. Educational Review, 52(1), 37–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VIC Government. (2008). Supporting sexual diversity in schools. Retrieved from http://www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/teachlearn/student/supportsexualdiversity.pdf

  • Weiler, K. (1993). Feminism and the struggle for a democratic education: A view from the United States. In M. Arnot & K. Weiler (Eds.), Feminism and social justice in education (pp. 210–230). London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, A. N. (1949). The aims of education and other essays. New York: The New American Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimmer, A. (2002). Why we need black armbands. Journal of Australian Studies, 75(1), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeatman, A. (2007). Postmodernity and revisioning the political. In B. Lingard & J. Ozga (Eds.), The Routledge-Falmer reader in education policy and politics (pp. 11–22). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youdell, D. (2004). Engineering school markets, constituting schools and subjectivating students: The bureaucratic, institutional and classroom dimensions of educational triage. Journal of Education Policy, 19(4), 407–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tiffany Jones .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jones, T. (2013). The Four Orientations to Education Framework. In: Understanding Education Policy. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6265-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics