Abstract
Metastases represent the “point of no return” for tumor bearing patients since their occurrence determines a drastic fall of the chance of survival. Given the inexorability of the fate of metastatic patients, many efforts are being made to improve their management and increase their life expectancy and quality. The prevalence of tumor relapse to bone appears to be increasing over the years, likely due to a longer overall survival of patients. A large body of evidence indicates that the preference of tumor cells to metastasize to bone is an addressed event, which relies on specific interactions among them, the bone cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. The bone/bone marrow compartment is unquestionably a “fertile soil” for tumor growth, characterized by a high blood supply and the presence of countless growth factors which are released and activated during bone resorption upon stimulation by tumor cells. In the attempt to identify the crucial mechanisms inducing tumor recurrence in distant organs, recent evidence has demonstrated the key role played by the so-called Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), a very small cell population in the tumor displaying self-renewal competence, differentiation potential and ability to recapitulate the phenotype of the tumor from which it derives. Cancer cells harboring stem properties have been characterized in several tumors, including those metastasizing to bone, and a causative correlation between the presence of the CSC pool in the bone/marrow and the relapse in this site has been suggested. Emerging researches strongly support the notion that CSCs could compete with the normal stem cells to inhabit the physiologic niche in the bone marrow, being primed by this niche for their proliferation and invasiveness.
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Acknowledgements
We are indebted with Dr. Rita Di Massimo for the editing of this manuscript. The original work has been supported by grants from the “Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro” (AIRC) to NR and AT, and by the Swiss Bridge Award to AT.
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Rucci, N., Teti, A. (2013). Role of Stem Cell Niche in the Development of Bone Metastases (An Update). In: Hayat, M. (eds) Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells, Volume 10. Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6262-6_21
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