Skip to main content

Migration, Metastasis, and More: The Role of Chemokines in the Proliferation, Spreading, and Metastasis of Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Chemokines are a family of small peptides (8–15 kDa) that were first discovered as cytokines with chemotactic properties. Subsequently, it became clear that chemokines have much broader functions in tissue development and homeostasis as well as in pathological responses, especially in inflammation and cancer. After providing a short overview of chemokines, their regulation, receptors, and signal transduction, we outlines their role in various steps of tumor progression, in particular with regard to tumor cells, tumor stem cells, the tumor microenvironment, tumor angiogenesis, and the spreading/metastasis of tumors. The focus is on CXC chemokines and selected tumor types, e.g., gliomas, melanomas, and breast cancer. In addition to the tumor-promoting functions of chemokines and their receptors in the different steps of cancerogenesis, their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abel S, Hundhausen C, Mentlein R, Schulte A, Berkhout TA, Broadway N, Hartmann D, Sedlacek R, Dietrich S, Muetze B, Schuster B, Kallen K-J, Saftig P, Rose-John S, Ludwig A (2004) The transmembrane CXC-chemokine ligand 16 is induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α and shed by the activity of the disintegrin-like metalloproteinase ADAM10. J. Immunol 172:6362–6372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfonso-Pérez M, López-Giral S, Quintana NE, Loscertales J, Martín-Jiménez P, Muñoz C (2006) Anti-CCR7 monoclonal antibodies as a novel tool for the treatment of chronic lymphocyte leukemia. J Leukoc Biol 79:1157–1165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allavena P, Germano G, Marchesi F, Mantovani A (2011) Chemokines in cancer related inflammation. Exp Cell Res 317:664–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen SJ, Crown SE, Handel TM (2007) Chemokine: receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism. Annu Rev Immunol 25:787–820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alitalo A, Detmar M (2012) Interaction of tumor cells and lymphatic vessels in cancer progression. Oncogene 31:4499-4508

    Google Scholar 

  • Amatschek S, Lucas R, Eger A, Pflueger M, Hundsberger H, Knoll C, Grosse-Kracht S, Schuett W, Koszik F, Maurer D, Wiesner C (2011) CXCL9 induces chemotaxis, chemorepulsion and endothelial barrier disruption through CXCR3-mediated activation of melanoma cells. Br J Cancer 104:469–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amersi FF, Terando AM, Goto Y, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Tran AN, Faries MB, Morton DL, Hoon DS (2008) Activation of CCR9/CCL25 in cutaneous melanoma mediates preferential metastasis to the small intestine. Clin Cancer Res 14:638–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachelder RE, Wendt MA, Mercurio AM (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes breast carcinoma invasion in an autocrine manner by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Cancer Res 62:7203–7206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Baruch A (2008) Organ selectivity in metastasis: regulation by chemokines and their receptors. Clin Exp Metastasis 25:345–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Neriah Y, Karin M (2011) Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-κB as the matchmaker. Nat Immunol 12:715–723

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrell V, Márín O (2006) Meninges control tangential migration of hem-derived Cajal-Retzius cells via CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. Nat Neurosci 9:1284–1293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buonamici S, Trimarchi T, Ruocco MG, Reavie L, Cathelin S, Mar BG, Klinakis A, Lukyanov Y, Tseng JC, Sen F, Gehrie E, Li M, Newcomb E, Zavadil J, Meruelo D, Lipp M, Ibrahim S, Efstratiadis A, Zagzag D, Bromberg JS, Dustin ML, Aifantis I (2009) CCR7 signalling as an essential regulator of CNS infiltration in T-cell leukaemia. Nature 459:1000–1004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger JA, Burger M, Kipps TJ (1999) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express functional CXCR4 chemokine receptors that mediate spontaneous migration beneath bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 94:3658–3667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger JA, Kipps TJ (2006) CXCR4: a key receptor in the crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Blood 107:1761–1767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger M, Glodek A, Hartmann T, Schmitt-Gräff A, Silberstein LE, Fujii N, Kipps TJ, Burger JA (2003) Functional expression of CXCR4 (CD184) on small-cell lung cancer cells mediates migration, integrin activation, and adhesion to stromal cells. Oncogene 22:8093–8101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns JM, Summers BC, Wang Y, Melikian A, Berahovich R, Miao Z, Penfold ME, Sunshine MJ, Littman DR, Kuo CJ, Wei K, McMaster BE, Wright K, Howard MC, Schall TJ (2006) A novel chemokine receptor for SDF-1 and I-TAC involved in cell survival, cell adhesion, and tumor development. J Exp Med 203:2201–2213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardona AE, Pioro EP, Sasse ME, Kostenko V, Cardona SM, Dijkstra IM, Huang D, Kidd G, Dombrowski S, Dutta R, Lee JC, Cook DN, Jung S, Lira SA, Littman DR, Ransohoff RM (2006) Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor. Nat Neurosci 9:917–924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darash-Yahana M, Gillespie JW, Hewitt SM, Chen YY, Maeda S, Stein I, Singh SP, Bedolla RB, Peled A, Troyer DA, Pikarsky E, Karin M, Farber JM (2009) The chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6, as markers and promoters of inflammation-associated cancers. PLoS One 4:e6695

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duda DG, Kozin SV, Kirkpatrick ND, Xu L, Fukumura D, Jain RK (2011) CXCL12 (SDF1alpha)-CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway inhibition: an emerging sensitizer for anticancer therapies? Clin Cancer Res 17:2074–2080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing J (1928) A treatise on tumors, 3rd edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang L, Lee VC, Cha E, Zhang H, Hwang ST (2008) CCR7 regulates B16 murine melanoma cell tumorigenesis in skin. J Leukoc Biol 84:965–972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrmann M, Bittner T, Jung CK, Burgold S, Page RM, Mitteregger G, Haass C, LaFerla FM, Kretzschmar H, Herms J (2010) Microglial Cx3cr1 knockout prevents neuron loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci 13:411–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabellini C, Trisciuoglio D, Desideri M, Candiloro A, Ragazzoni Y, Orlandi A, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D (2009) Functional activity of CXCL8 receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, on human malignant melanoma progression. Eur J Cancer 45:2618–2627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, Kirilovsky A, Mlecnik B, Lagorce-Pagès C, Tosolini M, Camus M, Berger A, Wind P, Zinzindohoué F, Bruneval P, Cugnenc PH, Trajanoski Z, Fridman WH, Pagès F (2006) Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science 313:1960–1964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber PA, Hippe A, Buhren BA, Müller A, Homey B (2009) Chemokines in tumor-associated angiogenesis. Biol Chem 390:1213–1223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutwein P, Schramme A, Sinke N, Abdel-Bakky MS, Voss B, Obermüller N, Doberstein K, Koziolek M, Fritzsche F, Johannsen M, Jung K, Schaider H, Altevogt P, Ludwig A, Pfeilschifter J, Kristiansen G (2009) Tumoural CXCL16 expression is a novel prognostic marker of longer survival times in renal cell cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 45:478–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha HK, Lee W, Park HJ, Lee SD, Lee JZ, Chung MK (2011) Clinical significance of CXCL16/CXCR6 expression in patients with prostate cancer. Mol Med Report 4:419–424

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart IR (1982) ‘Seed and soil’ revisited: mechanisms of site-specific metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1:5–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J, Lucius R, Sebens Müerköster S, Penfold ME, Schall TJ, Mentlein R (2010) The chemokine receptor CXCR7 is highly expressed in human glioma cells and mediates antiapoptotic effects. Cancer Res 70:3299–3308

    Google Scholar 

  • Held-Feindt J, Hattermann K, Müerköster SS, Wedderkopp H, Knerlich-Lukoschus F, Ungefroren H, Mehdorn HM, Mentlein R (2010) CX3CR1 promotes recruitment of human glioma-infiltrating microglia/macrophages (GIMs). Exp Cell Res 316:1553–1566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held-Feindt J, Rehmke B, Mentlein R, Hattermann K, Knerlich F, Hugo H–H, Ludwig A, Mehdorn HM (2008) Overexpression of CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6/Bonzo promotes growth of human schwannomas. Glia 56:764–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hojo S, Koizumi K, Tsuneyama K, Arita Y, Cui Z, Shinohara K, Minami T, Hashimoto I, Nakayama T, Sakurai H, Takano Y, Yoshie O, Tsukada K, Saiki I (2007) High-level expression of chemokine CXCL16 by tumor cells correlates with a good prognosis and increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 67:4725–4731

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huising MO, Stet RJ, Kruiswijk CP, Savelkoul HF, Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade BM (2003) Molecular evolution of CXC chemokines: extant CXC chemokines originate from the CNS. Trends Immunol 24:307–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson-Gladney WL, Zhang Y, Fong AM, Meucci O, Fatatis A (2011) The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is directly involved in the arrest of breast cancer cells to the skeleton. Breast Cancer Res 13:R91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaifi JT, Yekebas EF, Schurr P, Obonyo D, Wachowiak R, Busch P, Heinecke A, Pantel K, Izbicki JR (2005) Tumor-cell homing to lymph nodes and bone marrow and CXCR4 expression in esophageal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:1840–1847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katayama A, Ogino T, Bandoh N, Nonaka S, Harabuchi Y (2005) Expression of CXCR4 and its down-regulation by IFN-gamma in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 11:2937–2946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawada K, Hosogi H, Sonoshita M, Sakashita H, Manabe T, Shimahara Y, Sakai Y, Takabayashi A, Oshima M, Taketo MM (2007) Chemokine receptor CXCR3 promotes colon cancer metastasis to lymph nodes. Oncogene 26:4679–4688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Takeuchi H, Lam ST, Turner RR, Wang HJ, Kuo C, Foshag L, Bilchik AJ, Hoon DS (2005) Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in colorectal cancer patients increases the risk for recurrence and for poor survival. J Clin Oncol 23:2744–2753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Koh YJ, Kim KE, Koh BI, Nam DH, Alitalo K, Kim I, Koh GY (2010) CXCR4 signaling regulates metastasis of chemoresistant melanoma cells by a lymphatic metastatic niche. Cancer Res 70:10411–10421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruizinga RC, Bestebroer J, Berghuis P, de Haas CJ, Links TP, de Vries EG, Walenkamp AM (2009) Role of chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Curr Pharm Des 15:3396–3416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letsch A, Keilholz U, Schadendorf D, Assfalg G, Asemissen AM, Thiel E, Scheibenbogen C (2004) Functional CCR9 expression is associated with small intestinal metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 122:685–690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong SP, Witte M (2011) The pivotal role of the lymphovascular system in cancer metastasis: future perspectives. J Surg Oncol 103:639–641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li YM, Pan Y, Wei Y, Cheng X, Zhou BP, Tan M, Zhou X, Xia W, Hortobagyi GN, Yu D, Hung MC (2004) Upregulation of CXCR4 is essential for HER2-mediated tumor metastasis. Cancer Cell 6:459–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Sun R, Tao K, Wang G (2011) The CCL21/CCR7 pathway plays a key role in human colon cancer metastasis through regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Dig Liver Dis 43:40–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lira SA (2005) A passport into the lymph node. Nat Immunol 6:866–868

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig A, Schiemann F, Mentlein R, Lindner B, Brandt E (2002) Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) on T cells cleaves the CXC chemokine CXCL11 (I-TAC) and abolishes the stimulating but not the desensitzing potential of the chemokine. J Leucocyte Biol 72:183–191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig A, Schulte A, Schnack C, Hundhausen C, Reiss K, Brodway N, Held-Feindt J, Mentlein R (2005) Enhanced expression and shedding of the transmembrane chemokine CXCL16 by reactive astrocytes and glioma cells. J Neurochem 93:1293–1303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig A, Mentlein R (2008) Gial cross-talk by transmembrane chemokines CX3CL1 and CXCL16. J Neuroimmunol 198:92–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Norsworthy K, Kundu N, Rodgers WH, Gimotty PA, Goloubeva O, Lipsky M, Li Y, Holt D, Fulton A (2009) CXCR3 expression is associated with poor survival in breast cancer and promotes metastasis in a murine model. Mol Cancer Ther 8:490–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchesi F, Piemonti L, Fedele G, Destro A, Roncalli M, Albarello L, Doglioni C, Anselmo A, Doni A, Bianchi P, Laghi L, Malesci A, Cervo L, Malosio M, Reni M, Zerbi A, Di Carlo V, Mantovani A, Allavena P (2008) The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is involved in the neural tropism and malignant behavior of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 68:9060–9069

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashino K, Sadanaga N, Yamaguchi H, Tanaka F, Ohta M, Shibuta K, Inoue H, Mori M (2002) Expression of chemokine receptor CCR7 is associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 62:2937–2941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushita K, Toiyama Y, Tanaka K, Saigusa S, Hiro J, Uchida K, Inoue Y, Kusunoki M (2011) Soluble CXCL16 in preoperative serum is a novel prognostic marker and predicts recurrence of liver metastases in colorectal cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Tam EM, McCulloch CA, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (2000) Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. Science 289:1202–1206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mentlein R (2004) Cell-surface peptidases. Int Rev Cytol 235:165–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mentlein R, Held-Feindt J (2003) Angiogenesis factors in gliomas: a new key to tumour therapy? Naturwissenschaften 90:385–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miao Z, Luker KE, Summers BC, Berahovich R, Bhojani MS, Rehemtulla A, Kleer CG, Essner JJ, Nasevicius A, Luker GD, Howard MC, Schall TJ (2007) CXCR7 (RDC1) promotes breast and lung tumor growth in vivo and is expressed on tumor-associated vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:15735–15740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortier A, Gouwy M, Van Damme J, Proost P (2011) Effect of posttranslational processing on the in vitro and in vivo activity of chemokines. Exp Cell Res 317:642–654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller A, Homey B, Soto H, Ge N, Catron D, Buchanan ME, McClanahan T, Murphy E, Yuan W, Wagner SN, Barrera JL, Mohar A, Verástegui E, Zlotnik A (2001) Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410:50–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller A, Sonkoly E, Eulert C, Gerber PA, Kubitza R, Schirlau K, Franken-Kunkel P, Poremba C, Snyderman C, Klotz LO, Ruzicka T, Bier H, Zlotnik A, Whiteside TL, Homey B, Hoffmann TK (2006) Chemokine receptors in head and neck cancer: association with metastatic spread and regulation during chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 118:2147–2157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami T, Cardones AR, Finkelstein SE, Restifo NP, Klaunberg BA, Nestle FO, Castillo SS, Dennis PA, Hwang ST (2003) Immune evasion by murine melanoma mediated through CC chemokine receptor-10. J Exp Med 198:1337–1347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ödemis V, Lipfert J, Kraft R, Hajek P, Abraham G, Hattermann K, Mentlein R, Engele J (2012) The presumed atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7 signals through Gi/o proteins in primary rodent astrocytes and human glioma cells. Glia 60:372-381

    Google Scholar 

  • Oxmann D, Held-Feindt J, Stark AM, Hattermann K, Yoneda T, Mentlein R (2008) Endoglin expression in metastatic breast cancer cells enhances their invasive phenotype. Oncogene 27:3567–3575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paget S (1889) The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet l 571–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan J, Burdick MD, Belperio JA, Xue YY, Gerard C, Sharma S, Dubinett SM, Strieter RM (2006) CXCR3/CXCR3 ligand biological axis impairs RENCA tumor growth by a mechanism of immunoangiostasis. J Immunol 176:1456–1464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Lutz M, Belperio JA, Keane MP, Strieter RM (2003) The stromal derived factor-1/CXCL12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:1676–1686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qian BZ, Li J, Zhang H, Kitamura T, Zhang J, Campion LR, Kaiser EA, Snyder LA, Pollard JW (2011) CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis. Nature 475:222–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian BZ, Pollard JW (2010) Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell 141:39–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal S, Kim J, Ahn S, Craig S, Lam CM, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Lefkowitz RJ (2010) Beta-arrestin- but not G protein-mediated signaling by the “decoy” receptor CXCR7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:628–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raman D, Sobolik-Delmaire T, Richmond A (2011) Chemokines in health and disease. Exp Cell Res 317:575–589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransohoff RM (2009) Chemokines and chemokine receptors: standing at the crossroads of immunobiology and neurobiology. Immunity 31:711–721

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray P, Lewin SA, Mihalko LA, Lesher-Perez SC, Takayama S, Luker KE, Luker GD (2012) Secreted CXCL12 (SDF-1) forms dimers under physiologic conditions. Biochem J 442:433-442

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiβ K, Mentlein R, Sievers J, Hartmann D (2002) Stromal cell-derived factor 1 is secreted by meningeal cells and acts as chemotactic factor on neuronal stem cells of the cerebellar external granular layer. Neuroscience 115:295–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond A, Yang J, Su Y (2009) The good and the bad of chemokines/chemokine receptors in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 22:175–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rot A (2010) Chemokine patterning by glycosaminoglycans and interceptors. Front Biosci 15:645–660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell HV, Hicks J, Okcu MF, Nuchtern JG (2004) CXCR4 expression in neuroblastoma primary tumors is associated with clinical presentation of bone and bone marrow metastases. J Pediatr Surg 39:1506–1511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scotton CJ, Wilson JL, Milliken D, Stamp G, Balkwill FR (2001) Epithelial cancer cell migration: a role for chemokine receptors? Cancer Res 61:4961–4965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shields JD, Emmett MS, Dunn DB, Joory KD, Sage LM, Rigby H, Mortimer PS, Orlando A, Levick JR, Bates DO (2007) Chemokine-mediated migration of melanoma cells towards lymphatics–a mechanism contributing to metastasis. Oncogene 26:2997–3005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shulby SA, Dolloff NG, Stearns ME, Meucci O, Fatatis A (2004) CX3CR1-fractalkine expression regulates cellular mechanisms involved in adhesion, migration, and survival of human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 64:4693–4698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti O, Goteri G, Lucarini G, Filosa A, Pieramici T, Rubini C, Biagini G, Offidani A (2006) Potential role of CCL27 and CCR10 expression in melanoma progression and immune escape. Eur J Cancer 42:1181–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Singh AP, Sharma B, Owen LB, Singh RK (2010) CXCL8 and its cognate receptors in melanoma progression and metastasis. Future Oncol 6:111–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stark AM, Anuszkiewicz B, Mentlein R, Yoneda T, Mehdorn HM, Held-Feindt J (2007) Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases in brain- and bone-seeking clones of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Neurooncol 81:39–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steeg PS, Camphausen KA, Smith QR (2011) Brain metastases as preventive and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 11:352–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Mestas J, Gomperts B, Keane MP, Belperio JA (2006) Cancer CXC chemokine networks and tumour angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer 42:768–778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf M, Albrecht S, Märki C (2008) Proteolytic processing of chemokines: implications in physiological and pathological conditions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:1185–1198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong D, Korz W (2008) Translating an antagonist of chemokine receptor CXCR4: from bench to bedside. Clin Cancer Res 14:7975–7980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Lee VC, Chevalier E, Hwang ST (2009) Chemokine receptors as targets for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 15:742–757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnik A, Burkhardt AM, Homey B (2011) Homeostatic chemokine receptors and organ-specific metastasis. Nat Rev Immunol 11:597–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

We thank Clemens Franke for careful drawing of some figures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rolf Mentlein .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mentlein, R., Hattermann, K., Held-Feindt, J. (2013). Migration, Metastasis, and More: The Role of Chemokines in the Proliferation, Spreading, and Metastasis of Tumors. In: Resende, R., Ulrich, H. (eds) Trends in Stem Cell Proliferation and Cancer Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6211-4_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics