Abstract
MPAs are complex institutional arrangements that should be analyzed from a governance perspective taking into account the serious challenges posed about their capacity to cope with the problems of implementation or effectiveness. In this paper we emphasize the huge and diverse advantages of MPAs initiated by local communities. This trend is increasing lately with the involvement and demands of traditional users, such as artisanal fishers, requesting the implementation of marine reserves. Frequently, they want to ensure the sustainability of fishing activities and avoid the pitfalls of rising numbers of other users. In Spain, many of the latest proposals for Marine Reserves (MRs) were designed for this purpose by local fishers’ organizations in partnership with biologists and social scientists, and some of these initiatives learned precisely from the inception process of La Restinga MPA, the case we are analyzing in detail here.
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Notes
- 1.
Presidential Documents, Executive Order 13158 of May 26, 2000. Retrieved January 27, 2012 from http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo13158.html
- 2.
In 1987 J.M. Granados Corona presented an extensive study in his doctoral thesis about the historical transformations of the Ecosystem of Doñana National Park; available at http://fondosdigitales.us.es/tesis/tesis/1555/transformaciones-historicas-de-los-ecosistemas-del-parque-nacional-de-donana/#description
- 3.
This is due to Spanish decentralization process that provides regional governments with some competences over internal waters. As Suárez de Vivero et al. affirms: “This division of competences also affects territorial distribution: the Central Administration have exclusive competences over the Territorial Seas (TS) and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – where most national fishing areas are located – whereas the regional governments restrict their action to Internal Waters (IW)” (1997, 199)
- 4.
Two years earlier the Spanish Government had published a “Royal Decree for Fisheries Management” (R.D. 681/1980, 28 May) whose main objective was to restock marine areas and resources of commercial and ecological interest. Under this decree the first no-take zones were established in Spain: the Chafarinas Islands (Melilla, 1982) and Medes Islands (Catalonia, 1983). Listing the first Spanish Marine Reserves can give rise to some confusion between the first no-take zones and the MRs created according to the 1982 Order.
- 5.
Source: Institute of Statistics of the Canary Islands, see http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/estadisticas.html
- 6.
Source: Economic and Social Council of the Canary Islands: Annual rapport: http://www.cescanarias.org/?q=informes_anuales
- 7.
Data from 2009 retrieved December 12, 2000 from http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/estadisticas.html
- 8.
Data from 2009 retrieved December 12, 2010 from http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/estadisticas
- 9.
Data from 2009 retrieved December 12, 2010 from http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/estadisticas.html
- 10.
Without electricity or fresh water supply, the first families who came to La Restinga lived in caves on the coast.
- 11.
Patron Mayor (president) and Vice-Patron Mayor (vice-president) are positions of responsibility and representation within Spanish cofradías; both are elected positions.
- 12.
Order of 24 February 1996 that establishes the Reserva Marina Punta de La Restinga-Mar de las Calmas. Official State Gazette, BOE, number 30, 3 February 1996, pp. 3765–6. Decree 30/1996 of February 16 that creates a Marine Reserve of Fishing Interest in the area of “Punta de La Restinga-Mar de las Calmas”. Official Bulletin of the Canary Islands, published Monday 11 March 1996, pp. 1472–4.
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De la Cruz Modino, R., Pascual-Fernández, J.J. (2013). Marine Protected Areas in the Canary Islands – Improving Their Governability. In: Bavinck, M., Chuenpagdee, R., Jentoft, S., Kooiman, J. (eds) Governability of Fisheries and Aquaculture. MARE Publication Series, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6107-0_12
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