Abstract
Design approaches to the landscape and to the enhancement of cultural heritage based on the thematisation and spectacularisation of landscapes and architectures or the propensity for constructing simulacra no longer constitute an exception but if anything, the rule. This is favoured by processes of privatisation of space to the detriment of public space with the commercial standardisation of places for selling and consuming. In fact, if the landscape is private, no longer freely available or available on payment and organised according to private models, we risk globalising the landscape, too, turning it into a consumer good and relegating it to the sphere of appearances: a landscape to sell, but not to inhabit. But there is also the opposite problem: where the landscape is public and freely accessible, there is a tendency to exploit it and to manage and protect it by authoritarian and sanction-based methods that make both landscape and environmental and cultural heritage even more remote and forgotten by people. Is it then possible to consider the landscape as a common good and safeguard it locally without hetero-directed interventions by means of forms of collective management? This chapter explores these issues through some examples of protection and management of landscape and public goods. These forms operate in an intermediate dimension and transform landscape and environmental resources into something that is neither public nor private, but shared and collective.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agrain P (2005) Cause commune, l’information entre bien commun et propriété. Fayard, Paris
Arena G (2006) Cittadini attivi. Laterza, Bari
Bender B, Winer M (2001) Contested landscapes. Movement, exile and place. Berg, New York
Bennett G (1991) EECONET: towards a European ecological network. Institute for European Environmental Policy, Arnhem
Bennett G (ed) (1998) Linkages in landscape. IUCN, Gland
Berdoulay V, Entrikin JN (1998) Lieu et sujet. Perspectives théoriques. L’Espace Géographique 2:111–121
Besio M (1995) Riqualificazione ambientale e protagonismo delle comunità locali. Due casi di progettazione urbanistica partecipata. Parametro 211:18–57
Blakely E, Snyder M (1999) Fortress America. Gated communities in the United States. Brookings Institution, Harrisonbourg
Bravo G (2005a) Istituzioni e partecipazione nella gestione di risorse comuni. In: Pellizzoni L (ed) La deliberazione pubblica. Meltemi, Rome, pp 265–280
Bravo G (2005b) Verso un futuro comune. Rivista Eco 120:8–11
Breuste J, Feldmann H, Uhlmann O (eds) (1998) Urban ecology. Springer, Berlin
Brunetta G, Moroni S (2011) La città intraprendente. Carocci Editore, Rome
Cacciari P (ed) (2010) La società dei beni comuni. Ediesse, Rome
Daniels S, Cosgrove D (1988) Introduction: iconography and landscape. In: Daniels S, Cosgrove D (eds) The iconography of landscape: essays on the symbolic representation, design and use of past environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–10
Davis M (1999) Città di quarzo. Indagando sul futuro a Los Angeles. Manifestolibri, Rome
Donadieu P, Périgord M (2005) Clés pour le paysage. Ophrys, Paris
Donolo C (1997) L’intelligenza delle istituzioni. Feltrinelli, Milan
Foldvary F (1994) Public goods and private communities: the market provision of social services. Edward Elgar, London
Foreman D (2004) Rewilding North America: a vision for conservation in the 21st century. Island Press, Washington, DC
Gambino R (1997) Conservare innovare: paesaggio, ambiente, territorio. Utet, Turin
Gambino R (2000) Reti ecologiche e governo del territorio. Parchi 29:81–87
Gil F (2002) La exclusión social. Ariel, Barcelona
Grazzini E (2011) Il bene di tutti. L’economia della condivisione per uscire dalla crisi. Editori riuniti, Rome
Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–1248
Hess C (2009) La conoscenza come bene comune. Bruno Mondadori, Milano
Hess C, Ostrom E (eds) (2007) Understanding knowledge as a commons, from theory to practice. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Hill MO, Carey PD, Eversham BC, Arnold HR, Preston CD, Telfer MG, Brown NJ, Beitch N, Welch RC, Elmes GW, Buse H (1994) The role of corridors, stepping-stones, and islands for species conservation in a changing climate. English Nature Research Report, 75
Hobbs RJ, Wilson AM (1998) Corridors: theory, practice and achievement of conservation objectives. In: Dover JW, Bunce R (eds) Key concepts in landscape ecology. IALE, Preston, pp 265–279
Jongman RHG (1995) Nature conservation planning in Europe: developing ecological networks. Landsc Urban Plan 32:169–183
Low S (2003) Behind the gates. Routledge, London/New York
Luigi N (2007) Un exemple de gestion collective en région Ombrie: le bois de la Marzolana. Forêt Méditerr XXIX(1):47–52
MacArthur RH, Wilson ED (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Massa R (1999) Le reti ecologiche: un nuovo paradigma della conservazione. Oikos 8
Mattei U (2011) Beni comuni, Un manifesto. Laterza, Bari
Mininni M (2002) Può l’ecologia aiutare a costruire il paesaggio. Urbanistica 118
Negri A, Hardt M (2010) Comune. Oltre il privato e il pubblico. Rizzoli, Milan
Noss RF, Cooperrider AY (1994) Saving nature’s legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC
Nott MP, Pimm SL (1997) The evaluation of biodiversity as a target for conservation. In: Pickett STA, Ostfeld RS, Shachack M, Likens GE (eds) The ecological basis of conservation. Heterogeneity, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 125–135
Olwig K (2007) The practice of landscape conventions and the just landscape: the case of the European landscape convention. Landsc Res 32(5):579–594
Ostrom E (1990) Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Ostrom E, Gardner R, Walker JM (1994) Rules, games, and common-pool resources. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Palermo PC (2008) Thinking over urban landscapes. In: Maciocco G (ed) Urban landscape perspectives. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 27–41
Pittaluga P (2001) Progettare con il territorio. Immagini spaziali delle società e pianificazione comunicativa. FrancoAngeli, Milan
Pittaluga P (2008) Images of local societies and projects for space. In: Maciocco G (ed) Territorial future of the city. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 87–104
Ricoveri G (2005) Beni comuni fra tradizione e futuro. Emi Editore, Bologna
Ricoveri G (2010) Beni comuni vs merci. Jaca Book, Milan
Riesco J (2004) Urban expansion landscapes and objects. ViA Arquit 1:14–21
Rios Osorio LA, Ortiz Lobato M, Álvarez Del Castillo X (2005) Debates on sustainable development: towards a holistic view of reality. Environ Dev Sustain 7(4):501–518
Riva M (2010) Gestione partecipata dell’acqua e risposte adattive del settore irriguo a seguito di eventi di crisi idrica. PhD thesis. http://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/150088
Rizzi P (2005) Imparare ed agire partendo dalla comunità. Sutrio: un’esperienza di community visioning. In: Maciocco G, Pittaluga P (eds) Immagini spaziali e progetto della città. FrancoAngeli, Milan, pp 57–83
Rodotà S (2010) Se il mondo perde il senso del bene comune. La Repubblica, 10 Aug
Sabatini F, Cáceres G (eds) (2004) Barrios cerrados e integración residencial en Santiago de Chile. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and Institute of Geography, Santiago
Salwasser H (1990) Conserving biological diversity: a perspective on scope and approaches. A review. Forest Ecol Manage 35(1–2):79–90
Savard JPL, Clergeau P, Mennechez G (2000) Biodiversity concepts and urban ecosystems. Landsc Urban Plan 48:131–142
Soulé ME, Terborgh J (1999) Continental conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC
Svampa M (2001) Los que ganaron. La vida en los countries y barrios privados. Biblos, Buenos Aires
Unwin T (2001) Landscapes and ethics – introduction. Ethics Place Environ 4(3):219–252
Varady DP (2005) Desegregating the city: ghettos, enclaves, and inequality. Hardcover, Albany
Venturi Ferriolo M (2002) Etiche del paesaggio. Il progetto del mondo umano. Editori riuniti, Rome
Venturi Ferriolo M (2004) Etiche del paesaggio. Ri-vista, 1
Vitali T (2010) Società locali e governo dei beni comuni. Il Nobel per l’economia a Elinor Ostrom. Aggiorn Soc 2:91–100
Webster C (2001) Gated cities of tomorrow. Town Plan Rev 72(2):149–170
Wildavsky A (1971) Does planning work? Public Interest 24:95–104
Wildavsky A (1973) If planning is everything, maybe it’s nothing. Policy Sci 4(2):127–153
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pittaluga, P. (2013). Landscape as a “Common”: Collective Protection and Management. In: Serreli, S. (eds) City Project and Public Space. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6037-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6037-0_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6036-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6037-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)