Abstract
The Nobel Prize Winner (1931) Dr. Otto H. Warburg had established that the main energy source of the cancer cell is aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). He also postulated the hypothesis about “the prime cause of cancer”, which is a matter of debate till nowadays. On the contrary to the hypothesis, his discovery was completely recognized. However, the discovery had been almost vanished in the heat of battle about the hypothesis. The prime cause of cancer is important for the prevention and diagnosis, and yet the effects that influence on tumor growth are more important for cancer treatment. As a consequence of the Warburg effect, the recovery of the oxygen respiration of cancer cells can inhibit the tumor growth and lead to a remission. Here, we review the current knowledge of the inhibition of abnormal glycolysis and normalization of oxygen respiration of malignant tumor and a potential role of ultra trace element germanium in this process. Efficiency of different Ge-delivery molecules is also discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Warburg O, Posener K, Negelein E (1924) Metabolism of carcinoma cells. Biochem Z 152:309–344
Warburg O (1930) On metabolism of tumors. Constable, London
Warburg O (1931) The metabolism of tumours. Richard R Smith Inc., New York
Warburg OH (1931) Nobel prize in medicine. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg-bio.html. Accessed 10 Jan 2013
Warburg O (1956) On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123:309–314
Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E (1927) The metabolism of tumors in the body. J Gen Physiol 8:519–530
Warburg O (2010) The classic: the chemical constitution of respiration ferment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 468:2833–2839
Warburg OH (1969) The prime cause and prevention of cancer. http://healingtools.tripod.com/primecause1.html/. Accessed 10 Jan 2013
Krebs HA (1972) Otto Heinrich Warburg, 1883–1970. Biogr Mem Fellows R Soc 18:629–699
Bertram JS (2000) The molecular biology of cancer. Mol Asp Med 21:167–223
Grandér D (1998) How do mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cause cancer? Med Oncol 15:20–26
Croce CM (2008) Oncogenes and cancer. N Engl J Med 358:502–511
Vazquez A, Liu J, Zhou Y, Oltvai ZN (2010) Catabolic efficiency of aerobic glycolysis: the Warburg effect revisited. BMC Syst Biol 4:1–9
Schulz TJ, Thierbach R, Voigt A, Drewes G, Mietzner B, Steinberg P, Pfeiffer AF, Ristow M (2006) Induction of oxidative metabolism by mitochondrial frataxin inhibits cancer growth: Otto Warburg revisited. J Biol Chem 281:977–981
Pedersen P (2007) Warburg, Me and Hexokinase 2: multiple discoveries of key molecular events underlying one of cancers’ most common phenotypes, the “Warburg Effect”, i.e., elevated glycolysis in the presence of oxygen. J Bioenerg Biomembr 39:211–222
Michelakis ED (2008) Mitochondrial medicine: a new era in medicine opens new windows and brings new challenges. Circulation 117:2431–2434
Kiebish MA, Han X, Cheng H, Chuang JH, Seyfried TN (2008) Cardiolipin and electron transport chain abnormalities in mouse brain tumor mitochondria: lipidomic evidence supporting the Warburg theory of cancer. J Lipid Res 49:2545–2556
Miles KA, Williams RE (2008) Warburg revisited: imaging tumour blood flow and metabolism. Cancer Imaging 8:81–86
Garber K (2004) Energy boost: the Warburg effect returns in a new theory of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1805–1806
Kritikou E (2008) Cancer biology: Warburg effect revisited. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:264
Racker E, Spector M (1981) Warburg effect revisited: merger of biochemistry and molecular biology. Science 213:303–307
Racker E (1981) Warburg effect revisited. Science 213:1313
Liu X, Wang X, Zhang J, Lam EK, Shin VY, Cheng AS, Yu J, Chan FK, Sung JJ, Jin HC (2010) Warburg effect revisited: an epigenetic link between glycolysis and gastric carcinogenesis. Oncogene 29:442–450
Langbein S, Zerilli M, Zur Hausen A, Staiger W, Rensch-Boschert K, Lukan N, Popa J, Ternullo MP, Steidler A, Weiss C, Grobholz R, Willeke F, Alken P, Stassi G, Schubert P, Coy JF (2006) Expression of transketolase TKTL1 predicts colon and urothelial cancer patient survival: Warburg effect reinterpreted. Br J Cancer 94:578–585
Ristow M, Cuezva JM (2009) Oxidative phosphorylation and cancer: the ongoing Warburg hypothesis. In: Apte SP, Sarangarajan R (eds) Cellular respiration and carcinogenesis. Humana Press, New York
Czarnecka AM, Czarnecki JS, Kukwa W, Cappello F, Scińska A, Kukwa A (2010) Molecular oncology focus—is carcinogenesis a ‘mitochondriopathy’? J Biomed Sci 17:31
Shanmugam M, McBrayer SK, Rosen ST (2009) Targeting the Warburg effect in hematological malignancies: from PET to therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 21:531–536
Singh K, Costello L (2009) Mitochondria and cancer. Springer Science, New York
Chance (2005) Was Warburg right? Or was it that simple? Cancer Biol Ther 4:125–126
Scatena R, Bottoni P, Pontoglio A, Giardina B (2010) Revisiting the Warburg effect in cancer cells with proteomics. The emergence of new approaches to diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Proteomics Clin Appl 4:143–158
Pauwels EK, Sturm EJ, Bombardieri E, Cleton FJ, Stokkel MP (2000) Positron-emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 126:549–559
Weljie AM, Jirik FR (2011) Hypoxia-induced metabolic shifts in cancer cells: moving beyond the Warburg effect. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 43:981–989
Goldblatt H, Cameron G (1953) Induced malignancy in cells from rat myocardium subjected to intermittent anaerobiosis during long propagation in vitro. J Exp Med 97:525–552
Dhup S, Dadhich RK, Porporato PE, Sonveaux P (2012) Multiple biological activities of lactic acid in cancer: influences on tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Curr Pharm 18:1319–1330
Solzhenitsyn A (1969) Cancer ward. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York
Voet D, Voet JG (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Kim JW, Dang CV (2006) Cancer’s molecular sweet tooth and the Warburg effect. Cancer Res 66:8927–8930
Pelicano H, Martin DS, Xu RH, Huang P (2006) Glycolysis inhibition for anticancer treatment. Oncogene 25:4633–4646
Marín-Hernández A, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Encalada R, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E (2011) Modeling cancer glycolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1807:755–767
Kroemer G, Pouyssegur J (2008) Tumor cell metabolism: cancer’s Achilles’ heel. Cancer Cell 13:472–482
Cairns RA, Harris IS, Mak TW (2011) Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer 11:85–95
Tennant DA, Duran RV, Gottlieb E (2010) Targeting metabolic transformation for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 10:267–277
Porporato PE, Dadhich RK, Dhup S, Copetti T, Sonveaux P (2011) Anticancer targets in the glycolytic metabolism of tumors: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2:49
Lu W, Huang P (2010) Glycolytic pathway as a target for tumor inhibition. In: Bagley RG (ed) The tumor microenvironment. Springer, New York
Scatena R, Bottoni P, Pontoglio A, Mastrototaro L, Giardina B (2008) Glycolytic enzyme inhibitors in cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17:1533–1545
Israel M, Schwartz L (2011) On the metabolic origin of cancer: substances that target tumor metabolism. Biomed Res 22:132–166
Israel M, Schwartz L (2011) The metabolic advantage of tumor cells. Mol Cancer 10:70
Vander Heiden MG (2011) Targeting cancer metabolism: a therapeutic window opens. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10:671–684
Miller T, Isenberg J, Roberts D (2009) Molecular regulation of tumor angiogenesis and perfusion via redox signaling. Chem Rev 109:3099–3124
Senderowicz AM (2003) Cell cycle modulators for the treatment of lung malignancies. Clin Lung Cancer 5:158–168
Zerbini LF, Czibere A, Wang Y, Correa RG, Otu H, Joseph M, Takayasu Y, Silver M, Gu X, Ruchusatsawat K, Li L, Sarkar D, Zhou JR, Fisher PB, Libermann TA (2006) A novel pathway involving melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 mediates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced apoptosis and growth arrest of cancer cells. Cancer Res 66:11922–11931
Sattler UG, Hirschhaeuser F, Mueller-Klieser WF (2010) Manipulation of glycolysis in malignant tumors: fantasy or therapy? Curr Med Chem 17:96–108
Dawson RMC, Elliot DC, Elliot WH, Jones KM (1986) Data for biochemical research. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford & New York
Schwartz MK (1975) Role of trace elements in cancer. Cancer Res 35:3481–3487
Gregoriadis GC, Apostolidis NS, Romanos AN, Paradellis TP (1983) A comparative study of trace elements in normal and cancerous colorectal tissues. Cancer 52:508–519
Drake EN II, Sky-Peck HH (1989) Discriminant analysis of trace element distribution in normal and malignant human tissues. Cancer Res 49:4210–4215
Zaichick V, Tsyb A, Vtyurin B (1995) Trace elements and thyroid cancer. Analyst 120:817–821
Carvalho ML, Magalhães T, Becker M, von Bohlen A (2007) Trace elements in human cancerous and healthy tissues: a comparative study by EDXRF, TXRF, synchrotron radiation and PIXE. Spectrochim Acta B 62:1004–1011
Piacenti da Silva M, Zucchi OLAD, Ribeiro-Silva A, Poletti ME (2009) Discriminant analysis of trace elements in normal, benign and malignant breast tissues measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta B 64:587–592
Cobanoglu U, Demir H, Sayir F, Duran M, Mergan D (2010) Some mineral, trace element and heavy metal concentrations in lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 11:1383–1388
Orlova M, Orlov A (2011) Role of zinc in an organism and its influence on processes leading to apoptosis. Br J Med Med Res 1:239–305
Fields ALA, Wolman SL, Halperin ML (1981) Chronic lactic acidosis in a patient with cancer: therapy and metabolic consequences. Cancer 47:2026–2029
Chen JL, Merl D, Peterson CW, Wu J, Liu PY, Yin H, Muoio DM, Ayer DE, West M, Chi JT (2010) Lactic acidosis triggers starvation response with paradoxical induction of TXNIP through MondoA. PLoS Genet 6:e1001093
Parks SK, Chiche J, Pouyssegur J (2011) pH control mechanisms of tumor survival and growth. J Cell Physiol 226:299–308
Silva AS, Yunes JA, Gillies RJ, Gatenby RA (2009) The potential role of systemic buffers in reducing intratumoral extracellular pH and acid-mediated invasion. Cancer Res 69:2677–2684
Robey IF, Baggett BK, Kirkpatrick ND, Roe DJ, Dosescu J, Sloane BF, Hashim AI, Morse DL, Raghunand N, Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ (2009) Bicarbonate increases tumor pH and inhibits spontaneous metastases. Cancer Res 69:2260–2268
Forsythe SM, Schmidt GA (2000) Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of lactic acidosis. Chest 117:260–267
Takigawa S, Sugano N, Ochiai K, Arai N, Ota N, Ito K (2008) Effects of sodium bicarbonate on butyric acid-induced epithelial cell damage in vitro. J Oral Sci 50:413–417
Cuhaci B, Lee J, Ahmed Z (2000) Sodium bicarbonate controversy in lactic acidosis. Chest 118:882–884
McCarty MF, Whitaker J (2010) Manipulating tumor acidification as a cancer treatment strategy. Altern Med Rev 15:264–272
Fais S (2010) Proton pump inhibitor-induced tumour cell death by inhibition of a detoxification mechanism. J Intern Med 267:515–525
Spugnini EP, Citro G, Fais S (2010) Proton pump inhibitors as anti vacuolar-ATPases drugs: a novel anticancer strategy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 29:1–5
Tani T, Hanasawa K, Endo Y, Yoshioka T, Kodama M, Kaneko M, Uchiyama Y, Akizawa T, Takahasi K, Sugai K (1998) Therapeutic apheresis for septic patients with organ dysfunction: hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B immobilized column. Artif Organs 22:1038–1044
Nikolaev VG, Sakhno LA, Snezhkova EA, Sarnatskaya VV, Yushko LA (2011) Carbon adsorbents in oncology: achievements and perspectives. Exp Oncol 33:2–8
Chan FH, Carl D, Lyckholm LJ (2009) Severe lactic acidosis in a patient with B-cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. Case Report Med 2009:534561
Goodman S (1988) Therapeutic effects of organic germanium. Med Hypotheses 26:207–215
Levine SA (1987) Organic germanium. A novel dramatic immunostimulant. J Orthomol Med 2:83–87
Asai K (1980) The miracle cure: organic germanium. Japan Publications, New York
Unakar NJ, Tsui J, Johnson M (1997) Effect of pretreatment of germanium-132 on Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and galactose cataracts. Curr Eye Res 16:832–837
Chen XC, Zhu YG, Zhu LA, Huang C, Chen Y, Chen LM, Fang F, Zhou YC, Zhao CH (2003) Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol 473:1–7
Marczynski B (1988) Carcinogenesis as the result of the deficiency of some essential trace elements. Med Hypotheses 26:239–249
McMahon M, Regan F, Hughes H (2006) The determination of total germanium in real food samples including Chinese herbal remedies using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Food Chem 97:411–417
Ohri LK, Vicari SM, Malone PM (1993) Germanium use and associated adverse effects: a review. J Pharm Technol 9:237–241
Zhen Y, Gu X, He S, Wang L (1993) Determination of Germanium in lucid ganoderma and ginseng by GFASS. Chin J Modern Appl Pharm 10:11–12
Avula B, Wang YH, Smillie TJ, Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Khan IA (2010) Quantitative determination of multiple elements in botanicals and dietary supplements using ICP-MS. J Agric Food Chem 58:8887–8894
Rosenberg E (2009) Germanium: environmental occurrence, importance and speciation. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 8:29–57
Yang LL, Zhang DQ (2002) Direct determination of germanium in botanical samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with palladium–zirconium as chemical modifier. Talanta 56:1123–1129
Jamison JR (2003) Ginseng leutherococcus senticosus and panax ginseng. In: Jamison JR (ed) Clinical guide to nutrition & dietary supplements in disease management. Churchill Livingstone, London
Pham PTK, Primack A (2003) Cancer. In: Spencer JW, Jacobs JJ (eds) Complementary and alternative medicine: an evidence-based approach, 2nd edn. Mosby, Saint Louis
Najm WI (2009) Cáncer de pulmón. In: Rakel D (ed) Medicina integrativa. Elsevier, Espana
Ishiwara F (1928) The influence of different types of metals on mouse carcinoma. Ber Gesamte Physiol Exp Pharmakol 49:615
Rothermundt M, Burschkies K (1936) Germanium in chemotherapy. Z Immunitätsforsch Exp Ther 87:445–448
Kanisawa M, Schroeder HA (1967) Life-term studies on the effects of arsenic, germanium, tin, and vanadium on spontaneous tumors in mice. Cancer Res 27A:1192–1195
Atassi G (1985) Antitumor and toxic effects of silicon, germanium, tin and lead compounds. Rev Silicon, Germanium, Tin Lead Compd 8:219–235
Ward SG, Taylor RC (1988) Antitumor activity of the main-group metallic elements: aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, antimony, and bismuth. In: Gielen M (ed) Metal-based antitumor drugs, vol 1. Freund Publ. House Ltd., London
Kolesnikov SP (1966) Research in chemistry of trihalogermans and germanium analogues of dihalocarbenes. Thesis. ND Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of USSR (in Russian)
Kolesnikov SP, Nefedov OM (1967) About interaction trichlorogermane with ketones (for the posts, TK Gar and VF Mironov). Zh Obshch Khim 37:746, English transl
Mironov VF, Berliner EM, Gar TK (1967) Reactions of trichlorogermane with acrylic acid and its derivatives. Zh Obshch Khim 37:911–912, English transl
Mainwaring MG, Poor C, Zander DS, Harman E (2000) Complete remission of pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma after treatment with oral germanium sesquioxide. Chest 117:591–593
Ishikawa M, Ozaki M, Sekimoto R, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K (1993) Germanium sesquioxide, a biological response modifier, counteracts toxic but not antineoplastic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in mice. Oyo Yakuri 46:1–8
Chase TA, Cupp MJ, Tracy TS (2003) Germanium. In: Cupp MJ, Tracy TS (eds) Dietary supplements. Toxicology and clinical pharmacology. Humana Press, Totowa
Baselt RC (2008) Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man, 8th edn. Biomedical Publications, Foster City
Gerber GB, Leonard A (1997) Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds. Mutat Res 387:141–146
Kaplan BJ, Parish WW, Andrus GM, Simpson JSA, Field CJ (2004) Germane facts about germanium sesquioxide: I. Chemistry and anticancer properties. J Altern Complement Med 10:337–344
Kaplan BJ, Andrus GM, Parish WW (2004) Germane facts about germanium sesquioxide: II. Scientific error and misrepresentation. J Altern Complement Med 10:345–348
Schauss A (1991) Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in humans from organogermanium compounds and germanium dioxide. Biol Trace Elem Res 29:267–280
Tao SH, Bolger PM (1997) Hazard assessment of germanium supplements. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:211–219
Krapf R, Schaffner T, Iten PX (1992) Abuse of germanium associated with fatal lactic acidosis. Nephron 62:351–356
Raisin J, Hess B, Blatter M, Zimmermann A, Descoeudres C, Horber FF, Jaeger P (1992) Toxicity of an organic germanium compound: deleterious consequences of a “natural remedy”. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 8:11–13
Takeuchi A, Yoshizawa N, Oshima S, Kubota T, Oshikawa Y, Akashi Y, Oda T, Niwa H, Imazeki N, Seno A, Fuse Y (1992) Nephrotoxicity of germanium compounds: report of a case and review of the literature. Nephron 60:436–442
Patai S (1995) The chemistry of organic germanium, tin, and lead compounds, vol 1. Wiley, Chichester
Thayer JS (1987) Germapharmaca: some recent studies on biologically active organogermanium compounds. Appl Organomet Chem 1:227–234
Ignatenko MA (1987) Antitumor activity of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds (a review). Chim Farmacol Zh 21:402–408
Lukevics E, Gar TK, Ignatovich LM, Mironov VF (1990) Biological activity of Germanium compounds (in Russian). Zinatne, Riga
Rappoport Z (2002) The chemistry of organic germanium, tin and lead compounds, vol 2. Wiley, Chichester
Lukevics E, Ignatovich L (2005) Biological activity of organogermanium compounds. In: Gielen M, Tiekink ER (eds) Metallotherapeutic drugs and metal-based diagnostic agents. The use of metals in medicine. Wiley, Chichester
Menchikov LG, Ignatenko MA (2012) Biological activity of organogermanium compounds (a review). Chim Farmacol Zh 46(11):3–7 (in Russian)
Lukevics EA, Germane SK, Zidemane AA, Dauvarte AK, Kravchenko IM, Trushule MA, Mironov VF, Gar TK, Khromanova NY, Viktorov NA, Shiryaev VI (1984) Synthesis and neurotropic and antineoplastic activity of a number of germatranes and germasesquioxanes and their organotin analogs. Pharm Chem J 18:89–94
Mironov VF, Chernyshev AE, Malochkin VV, Martynov AI, Kulikov GA (1998) Compound stimulating during experiment synthesis of immunoglobulins. RU patent 2108096
Shcherbinin VV, Chernyshev AE (1997) Method of decrease of toxicity of medicinal agents, metals, organic and inorganic compounds and other toxins. RU patent 2104033
Shcherbinin VV, Chernyshev AE (1997) Method of potentiation of medicinal agent curative effect. RU patent 2104032
Kluska M (2008) Some aspects of the analysis of biologically active organogermanium substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 38:84–92
Akiba M, Kakimoto N (1994) Synthesis and properties of poly[3,3′-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-digermoxanediyl)bispropanoic acid](Ge-132) and related compounds as bioactive organogermanium compound. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 3:286–300
Kuwabara M, Ohba S, Yukawa M (2002) Effect of germanium, poly-trans-[2-carboxyethyl] germasesquioxane on natural killer (NK) activity in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 64:719–721
Suzuki F (1985) Antitumor activity of Ge-132, a new organogermanium compound, in mice is expressed through the functions of macrophages and T lymphocytes. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 12:1445–1452
Suzuki F, Brutkiewicz RR, Pollard RB (1985) Ability of sera from mice treated with Ge-132, an inorganic germanium compound, to inhibit experimental murine ascites tumor. Br J Cancer 52:757–763
Emerson PM, Wilkinson JH (1965) Urea and oxalate inhibition of the serum lactate dehydrogenase. J Clin Pathol 18:803–807
Yamamoto S (1983) H4-isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase in the solution of sodium chloride-4. Inhibition by oxalate and oxamate. Int J Biochem 15:355–360
Cheshire RM, Park MV (1971) Inhibition by salicylate of porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5. Biochem J 125:45P
Schoenenberger GA, Wacker WE (1966) Peptide inhibitors of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). II. Isolation and characterization of peptides I and II. Biochemistry 5:1375–1379
Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, Lee SM, Leung GP, Yu PH, Chan SW (2011) A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). Inflammopharmacology 19:245–254
Zheng W, Miao K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Pan S, Dai Y (2010) Chemical diversity of biologically active metabolites in the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus and submerged culture strategies for up-regulating their production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1237–1254
Sudheesh N, Ajith T, Janardhanan K (2009) Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst enhances activities of heart mitochondrial enzymes and respiratory chain complexes in the aged rat. Biogerontology 10:627–636
Sheena N, Lakshmi B, Janardhanan KK (2005) Therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. Nat Prod Rad 4:382–386
Shin HR, Kim JY, Yun TK, Morgan G, Vainio H (2000) The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 11:565–576
Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG (2008) Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol 53:163–166
Vogler B, Ernst E (1999) Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 49:823–828
Abdullah TH, Kandil O, Elkadi A, Carter J (1988) Garlic revisited: therapeutic for the major diseases of our times? J Natl Med Assoc 80:439–445
Milner JA (2001) A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. J Nutr 131:1027S–1031S
Kim JY, Kwon O (2009) Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration’s evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 89:257–264
Acknowledgements
Supported in part (AVP) by Grant #IRG-78-002-31 from the American Cancer Society.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Popov, A.V., Menchikov, L.G. (2013). The Warburg Effect Is a Guide to Multipurpose Cancer Therapy Including Trace Element Delivery. In: Coelho, J. (eds) Drug Delivery Systems: Advanced Technologies Potentially Applicable in Personalised Treatment. Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6010-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6010-3_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6009-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6010-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)