Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Human-Induced Soil Degradation in Chile

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Soils of Chile

Part of the book series: World Soils Book Series ((WSBS))

Abstract

Recent statistics for Chile show that around 37 million ha (49 % of national territory) display diverse levels of erosion, with Regions IV, V and VI containing the highest eroded area, although human-induced soil erosion is concentrated principally from Region IV to Region X. Because the losses of soil quality (non-erosive processes) are not usually obvious they often receive less attention, but it is clear that they can cause a serious long-term economic decline by directly affecting agricultural productivity. Therefore, this chapter aims to describe the relevant human-induced processes (erosive and non-erosive) in Chile considering available information on assessment methods used by various researchers. It is clear that the only thing that can save the country from accelerated soil degradation is a step forward in the ethical thought of man with respect to natural resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelkdair A, Schultz R (2005) Water harvesting in a runoff-catchment agroforestry system in the dry lands of Ethiopia. Agroforest Forum 63:291–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alister C, Lopez R, Kogan M (2005) Simazine dynamics in a vineyard soil at Casablanca Valley, Chile. Pest Manag Sci 61:1083–1088

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvear M, Rosas A, Rouanet JL, Borie F (2005) Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile. Soil Till Res 82:195–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson J, Rigel A, Shmida A (1993) Reproductive allocation strategies in desert and Mediterranean populations of annual plants grown with and without stress. Oecology 93:336–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson J, Ovalle C, Avendaño J, Longeri L, Del Pozo A (2002) Agroforestry tree selection in central Chile: biological nitrogen fixation and early plant growth in six dryland species. Agroforest Syst 56:155–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo MTK, Pliscoff P, Mihoc M, Arroyo-Kalin M (2005) The Magellanic moorland. In: Fraser LH, Keddy PA (eds) The world’s largest wetlands: ecology and conservation. Cambridge University Press, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann J, Contreras K, Hartge KH, MacDonald R (2006) Comparison of soil strength data obtained in situ with penetrometer and with vane shear test. Soil Till Res 87:112–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badilla-Ohlbaum R, Ginocchio R, Rodríguez P, Céspedes A, González S, Allen H, Lagos G (2001) Relationship between soil copper content and copper content of selected crop plants in central Chile. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2749–2757

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baginsky C, Seguel O, Contreras A (2010) Impact of the utilization of crop and organic amendments in the soil functionality. University of Chile, Agronomic Science Series Nº 17. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahamondes M (2003) Poverty-environment patterns in a growing economy: farming communities in Arid Central Chile, 1991–99. World Dev 31(11):1947–1957

    Google Scholar 

  • Barra R, Popp P, Quiroz R, Bauer C, Cid H, von Tümpling W (2005) Persistent toxic substances in soils and waters along an altitudinal gradient in the Laja River Basin, Central Southern Chile. Chemosphere 58:905–915

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow CJ (1991) Soil degradation: development and breakdown of terrestrial environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastías EI, González-Moro MB, González-Murúa C (2004) Zea mays L. amylacea from the Lluta Valley (Arica-Chile) tolerates salinity stress when high levels of boron are available. Plant Soil 267:73–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauzá F (2009) Physical properties evaluation in a soil with agroforestry and water harvesting in the inner rainfed of the Central Zone of Chile. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beekman GB (2007) Climate and national action programs in Latin America. In: Sivakumar MVN, Ndiang’ui N (eds) Climate and land degradation. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Benavides C (1992) Soil as a physic system. In: Vera W (ed) Soils, an actualised vision of the resource. University of Chile, Faculty of Agrarian and Forestry Sciences, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Benavides C (2011) Tolerance to salinity in olives, physic conditions of the olive’s soils and leaching soils in areas with salinity risk: basic considerations for the Atacama Region. In: Fichet T, Razeto B, Curkovic T (eds) The olive: agronomic study in the Atacama Region. University of Chile, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernier R, Alfaro M (2006) Soil acidity and liming effect. Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute (INIA), INIA Bull 151, Osorno, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Biester H, Kilian R, Franzen F, Woda C, Mangini A, Schöler HF (2002) Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53°S) an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 201:609–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Boix-Fayos C, Martínez-Mena M, Arnau-Rosalén E, Calvo-Cases A, Castillo V, Albaladejo J (2006) Measuring soil erosion by field plots: understanding the sources of variation. Earth Sci Rev 78:267–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boix-Fayos C, Martínez-Mena M, Calvo-Cases A, Arnau-Rosalén E, Albaladejo J, Castillo V (2007) Causes and underlying processes of measurement variability in field erosion plots in Mediterranean conditions. Earth Surf Process Landf 32:85–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla C, Vidal KL (2011) Rainfall erosivity in Central Chile. J Hydrol 410:126–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla C, Reyes JL, Magri A (2010) Water erosion prediction using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework, central Chile. Chil J Agric Res 70:159–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Botti C (2000) Horticultural trees for arid zones. University of Chile, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Department of Agriculture Production, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Botti C, Palzkill D, Muñoz D, Prat L (1998a) Morphological and anatomical characterization of six jojoba clones at saline and non-saline sites. Ind Crop Prod 9:53–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botti C, Prat L, Palzkill D, Cánaves L (1998b) Evaluation of jojoba clones grown under water and salinity stresses in Chile. Ind Crop Prod 9:39–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brito J, Peña L (1980) Determination of water erosion prediction universal equation R factor in the province of Ñuble. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 40(2):152–156 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campillo R, Rodríguez J (1984) Acidifying effects of urea transformations of two Andisols of the Lake Regions. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 44(2):131–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Campillo R, Sadzawka MA (2006) Soil acidification. In: Campillo R (ed) Natural resources management in the incentives system to recovery degraded soils in the Araucanía. Series N°38. Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute, INIA, Regional Research Centre in Carillanca, Temuco, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campillo R, Urquiaga S, Undurraga P, Pino I, Boddey RM (2005) Strategies to optimize biological nitrogen fixation in legume/grass pastures in the southern region of Chile. Plant Soil 273:57–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candan F, Broquen P (2009) Aggregate stability and related properties in NW Patagonian Andisols. Geoderma 154:42–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartes E, Rubilar R, Mardónez O (2009) Comparison of water erosion on plantation and native forests in granitic soils of Bio–Bio`s Region, Chile. XIII World Forestry Congress. 18–23 Oct Buenos Aires, Argentina (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M (2000) Stimulated and rejected managements in soil use. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 14:60–76 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M, Leiva C, Seguel O, Salazar O, Luzio W (2006) Soil degradation and desertification. In: Luzio W, Casanova M (eds) Advances in knowledge of the Chilean soils. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M, Haberland J, Seguel O, Luzio W (2007) Effect of gradient and slope aspect in the erosion of rainfed hillsides of central Chile. In: Proceeding XVII Latin-American congress of soil science (León-México) (in Spanish, with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M, Seguel O, Luzio W, Nario A, Videla X, Parada AM (2009) Assessment of soil degradation in hillsides. A contribution to a sustainable viticulture. University of Chile and Chilean Commission of Nuclear Energy. Santiago of Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M, Dercon G, Zapata F (2010a) Soil erosion in Latin America and Caribbean. In: Casanova M, Ruiz G, Zagal E (eds) Proceeding XVI international soil conservation organization congress (ISCO). November, Santiago of Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M, Dercon G, Zapata F (2010b) Soil erosion assessment: traditional methods. In: Casanova M, Ruiz G, Zagal E (eds) Proceeding XVI international soil conservation organization congress (ISCO). November, Santiago of Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanova M, Seguel O, Salazar O, Homer I (2011) Demonstrative unit associated to ‘Incentive system for agroenvironmental sustainability of agricultural and livestock soils’. University of Chile-Agriculture Ministery (Agriculture and Livestock Service, SAG)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro CP, Soto MV, Fernández R, Märker M, Rodolfi G (2009a) Impact of today geodynamic of Nantoco Valley, basin of Copiapó River, associated to productive reconversion. Rev Geogr Norte Gd 42:81–99 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro M, Iturrieta R, Fassio C (2009b) Rootstock effect on the tolerance of cv. Hass avocado plants to NaCl stress. Chil J Agric Res 69:316–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavieres A (2000) Criteria for development of a framework law for soil conservation. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 14:107–116 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerda P, Jimenez K (2003) Relationship between soil loss, use and management on hillsides commune of La Cruz. Dissertation, University of Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chartier MP, Rostagno CM (2006) Soil erosion thresholds and alternative states in northeastern Patagonian rangelands. Rangeland Ecol Manage 59:616–624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CIREN (2003) Soil survey of the Region X of Chile. Natural Resources Information Centre, Publication Nº 123. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • CIREN (2007) Soil survey, Region III of Chile (Copiapó and Huasco valleys). Natural Resources Information Centre, Publication Nº135. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • CONAMA (2010) National Climate Change Action Plan 2008–2012. National Environmental Commission (Chile) Department of Climate Change

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras H (1986) Water, life and development. Water use and conservation manual in Rural Zones of Latino America and Caribbean. UNESCO-ROSTLAC. Project DR-PRM. (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras K (2006) Evaluation of the soil structural state using simple parameters: the stress at rest coefficient. Dissertation, Austral University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés A (2011) Physical stabilization of raised beds with avocado trees through organic amendments/cover crops (Region IV, Chile). Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuevas J, Ellies A (2001) Pressure transmission and porosity changes generated by traffic in a Hapludand with different soil moisture conditions. R C Suelo Nutr Veg 1(2):48–57 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuitiño H (1999) Qualitative assessment of water erosion on bare soils of pre-Andean and Central Valley of Region VII. Dissertation, University of Talca, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Daudin D, Sierra J (2008) Spatial and temporal variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 126:275–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Gregori I, Fuentes E, Rojas M, Pinochet H, Potin-Gautier M (2003) Monitoring of copper, arsenic and antimony levels in agricultural soils impacted and non-impacted by mining activities, from three regions in Chile. J Environ Monit 5:287–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delatorre J, Pinto M (2009) Importance of ionic and osmotic components of salt stress on the germination of four quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) selections. Chil J Agric Res 69:477–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Delatorre J, Arenas J, Campos H (1995) Morphologic comparison of nine quinua ecotypes collected in the Altiplano in the Iquique province. Rev Agric Desierto 1:5–14 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond J (2007) Easter Island revisited. Science 317:1692–1694

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz C (1949) Association of soils of the Easter Island. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 9:115–126 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörner J, Dec D, Peng X, Horn R (2009) Change of shrinkage behavior of an Andisol in southern Chile: effects of land use and wetting/drying cycles. Soil Till Res 106:45–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dube F, Thevathasan NV, Zagal E, Gordon AM, Stolpe N, Espinosa M (2011) Carbon sequestration potential of silvopastoral and other land use systems in the Chilean Patagonia. In: Kumar BM, Nair PKR (eds) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems: opportunities and challenges, advances in agroforestry, p 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Elizalde R (1970) The survival of Chile. Renewable natural resources conservation, 2nd edn. Chilean Ministry of Agriculture, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A (1978) Some aspects of hidrophobicity in soils derived from volcanic ashes. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 2(2):344–365 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A (1986) Effects of the mechanic consolidation in some Distrandepts and Palehumults of South Chile. Cienc Suelo (Argentina) 2:91–97 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A (1988) Mechanical consolidation in volcanic ash soils. In: Drescher J, Horn R, de Boodt M (eds) Impact of water and external forces on soil structure. Catena supplement 11. Cremlingen-Destedt, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A (1999) Structural changes and stress distribution in soils under machinery traffic. Bosque 20:37–45 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A (2000) Soil erosion and its control in Chile—an overview. Acta Geol Hispan 35:279–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A (2001) Changes in soil physical properties by drainage. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 17:66–72 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A, Grez G, Ramírez C (1995a) Changes in wetting properties of soils under different managements. Turrialba 45:42–48 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A, Grez R, Ramírez C (1995b) Wettening potential and stability of aggregates in soils with different management. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 55:220–225 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A, Smith R, Horn R (1996) Stress transmission into the profile of some soils. Agro Sur 24:149–158 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellies A, Horn R, Smith R (2000) Effect of management of volcanic ash soil on structural properties. Int Agrophys 14:377–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Escárate K, Casanova M, Luzio W (2005) Conflict between constitutional guarantees for the soil conservation: a critical review of Chilean legislation. R C Suelo Nutr Veg 5(2):1–8 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa G, Hajek E, Fuentes E (1985) Geographic distribution of landslides associated to disasters in Chile. Amb Des 1(2):81–90 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Farías E (2009) Changes in soil physical properties on hillsides cropped with vineyard. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreyra R, Aljaro A, Ruiz R, Rojas L, Oster JD (1997) Behavior of 42 crop species grown in saline soils with high boron concentrations. Agric Water Manage 34:111–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreyra R, Sellés G, Pinto M, Morales M, Seguel O (2011) Effect of soil air capacity on water relations and vegetative growth of Thompson Seedless grafted on different rootstocks: preliminary results. Acta Hortic 889:145–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores C, Morgante V, González M, Navia R, Seeger M (2009) Adsorption studies of the herbicide simazine in agricultural soils of the Aconcagua Valley, Central Chile. Chemosphere 74:1544–1549

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores JP, Martínez E, Espinosa M, Muñoz P (2011) Determination of actual and potential erosion Chile territory through geomatics techniques, remote sensing and GIS. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:21–28 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Aqueveque V, Vargas G, Rutllant J, Le Roux J (2009) Seasonality of erosion and eolian particle transport in the coastal Atacama Desert, Chile (23°S). Andean Geol 36(2):288–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes I (2010) Mechanical behavior of soil matrix and their individual aggregates depending on soil water tension in three soils of central Chile. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes JP, Varnero MT (2011) Carbon quality and biologic properties as soil perturbation indicators in the Mediterranean area of Chile. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:83–94 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes I, Seguel O, Casanova M (2011) Soil physical degradation in the Central Zone versus volcanic soils from South Chile. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:75–81 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • García N, Ormazábal C (2008) Native trees of Chile. ENERSIS-Huinay Fundation, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gayoso J, Alarcon D (1999) Forest soil conservation guide. Austral University of Chile, Valdivia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginocchio R (2000) Effects of a copper smelter on a grassland community in the Puchuncaví Valley, Chile. Chemos 41:15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginocchio R (2011) Consequences of mining activity in soils of Chile. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:97–105 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginocchio R, Rodríguez P, Badilla-Ohlbaum R, Allen H, Lagos G (2002) Effect of soil copper content and pH on copper uptake of selected vegetables grown under controlled conditions Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1736–1744

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginocchio R, Carvallo G, Toro I, Bustamante E, Silva Y, Sepúlveda N (2004) Micro-spatial variation of soil metal pollution and plant recruitment near a copper smelter in Central Chile. Environ Pollut 127:343–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginocchio R, Sánchez P, de la Fuente L, Camus I, Bustamante E, Silva Y, Urrestarazu P, Torres J, Rodríguez P (2009) Agricultural soils spiked with copper mine wastes and copper concentrate: implications for copper bioavailability and bioaccumulation. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:712–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González S (2000) Soil contamination: heavy metals. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 14:42–59 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • González S, Bergqvist E (1986) Heavy metal pollution in an area of the coastal dryland of the Region V. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 46(3):299–306 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • González S, Ite R (1992) Soil metal accumulation in the area under industrial chimney influence (Valparaíso Province, Region V). Agric Tecnica (Chile) 50:214–219 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • González S, Bergqvist E, Ite R (1984) Heavy metal pollution of an area near a copper smelter in Chile. Catemu, V Region. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 44(1):63–68 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • González I, Muena V, Cisternas M, Neaman A (2008) Copper accumulation in a plant community affected by mining contamination in Puchuncaví Valley, central Chile. Rev Chil Hist Nat 81:279–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudie A (2008) The history and nature of wind erosion in deserts. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 36:97–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gualterio H (2006) Trends in land degradation in South America. In: Stefanski R, Pasteris P (eds) Management of natural and environmental resources for sustainable agricultural development. World Meteorological Organization, Workshop Proceedings. Portland, Oregon. (http://www.wmo.int/Templates/wmo.vcf)

  • Gut B (2008) Trees in Patagonia. Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahm J, Wester D (2004) Effects of surface-applied biosolids on grass seedling emergence in the Chihuahuan desert. J Arid Environ 58:19–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of commons. Science 162:1243–1248

    Google Scholar 

  • Heredia W, Peirano P, Borie G, Zunino H, Aguilera M (2007) Organic carbon balance in Chilean volcanic soils after human intrusion and under different management practices. Acta Agric Scand B-S P 57:329–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higueras P, Oyarzún R, Oyarzún J, Maturana H, Lillo J, Morata D (2004) Environmental assessment of copper-gold-mercury mining in the Andacollo and Punitaqui districts, northern Chile. Appl Geochem 19:1855–1864

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillel D (2004) Environmental soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Holz A, Veblen T (2011) The amplifying effects of humans on fire regimes in temperate rainforests in western Patagonia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 311(1–2):82–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homer I, Casanova M (2011) Conservation tillage on hillsides. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:59–73 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Honorato R, Cruz G (1999) Erodability and soil erosion of Easter Island. Cien Invest Agric (Chile) 26:27–36 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Honorato R, Barrales L, Peña I, Barrera F (2001) USLE erosion model evaluation on six locations between IV and IX Region of Chile. Cien Invest Agric 28:7–14 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooda PS (2010) Trace elements in soils. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn R (2003) Stress-strain effects in structured unsaturated soils on coupled mechanical and hydraulic processes. Geoderma 116:77–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo G (2008) Trends in land degradation in South America. In: Stefanski R, Pasteris P (eds) Management of natural and environmental resources for sustainable agricultural development. World Meteorological Organization, Workshop Proceedings. Portland, Oregon. (http://www.wmo.int/Templates/wmo.vcf)

  • Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Soto B, Ulloa P, Aquea F, Reyes-Díaz M (2008) Resistance mechanisms of aluminum (Al3+) phytotoxicity in cereals: physiological, genetic and molecular bases. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 8:57–71

    Google Scholar 

  • IREN (1966) Dunes inventory of Chile (29°48′–4°50′S). National Research of Natural Resources Institute and Agriculture Ministry, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Santiago

    Google Scholar 

  • IREN-CORFO (1979) Fragility of natural ecosystems of Chile. National Research of Natural Resources Institute- Development Corporation. Santiago

    Google Scholar 

  • Joel A, Messing I, Seguel O, Casanova M (2002) Measurement of surface water runoff from plots with two different sizes. Hydrol Process 14(7):1467–1478

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabata-Pendias A (2011) Trace elements in soils and plants, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalthoff N, Fiebig-Wittmaack M, MeiBner C, Kohlera M, Uriarte, Bischoff-Gau BI, Gonzáles E (2006) The energy balance, evapotranspiration and nocturnal dew deposition of an arid valley in the Andes. J Arid Environ 65:420–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller K (2011) Evaluation of the water dynamics in soils with organic manure applications under drip irrigation. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelm U, Helle S, Matthies R, Morales A (2009) Distribution of trace elements in soils surrounding the El Teniente porphyry copper deposit, Chile: the influence of smelter emissions and a tailings deposit. Environ Geol 57:365–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein D, Fuentes JP, Schmidt A, Schmidt H, Schulte A (2008) Soil organic C as affected by silvicultural and exploitative interventions in Nothofagus pumilio forests of the Chilean Patagonia. Forest Ecol Manag 255:3549–3555

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagos M (2005) Protocol for selection of alternatives for soil conservation. Technical Series Nº 18. Agriculture and Livestock Service, SAG. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagos E (2006) Characterization of precipitation-runoff process using a rain simulator. Dissertation, University of Talca, Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavín A (1988) Boron toxicity induced by ulexite applications in some drip irrigated fruit crops at Cauquenes, Chile. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 48(2):167–170 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Quesne C, Acuña C, Boninsegna JA, Rivera A, Barichivich J (2009) Long-term glacier variations in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile, inferred from historical records and tree-ring reconstructed precipitation. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 281:334–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leiva C (2005) Soil assessment at seven years of agroforestry and water harvesting management in the inner rainfed of central Chile. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemus M, Navarro G (2003) Manual for development of soil conservation works. Diversion channel—infiltration trench system. National Forestry Corporation, Chile Government (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • León O, Carrasco MA (2011) Soil chemical degradation. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:115–122 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Louwagie G, Stevenson CM, Langohr R (2006) The impact of moderate to marginal land suitability on prehistoric agricultural production and models of adaptive strategies for Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Chile). J Anthropol Archaeol 25:290–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luzio W, Casanova M, Seguel O (2010) Soils of Chile. In: Luzio W (ed) University of Chile. Maval Press, Santiago (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Macaya C, Gallardo M (2007) Rehabilitation manual of soils subjected to extraction of subsoil in agricultural areas. Report, Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG, Chile) (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez EA, Veas E, Jorquera C, San Martín R, Jara P (2009) Re-introduction of quinoa into Arid Chile: cultivation of two lowland races under extremely low irrigation. J Agron Crop Sci 195:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Harms MJ, Gajardo R (2008) Ecosystem value in the Western Patagonia protected areas. J Nat Conserv 16:72–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu R, Cervelle B, Remy D, Pouget M (2007) Field-based and spectral indicators for soil erosion mapping in semi-arid mediterranean environments (Coastal Cordillera of central Chile). Earth Surf Proc Land 32:13–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzonia E, Vasquez M (2010) Desertification in Patagonia. In: Latrubesse EM (ed) Natural hazards and human-exacerbated disasters in Latin America. Developments in Earth Surface Processes, vol 13. Elsevier, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride MB (1994) Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcintyre B, Riha S, Ong C (1997) Competition for water in a hedge-intercrop systems. Field Crop Res 52:151–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mieth A, Bork HR (2005) History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Catena 63:244–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MINVU (2010) Soil consume in cities and regions. Estimations from building statistics and satellite images. Observatories of the commission on housing and urban studies. Ministry of Building and Urbanism, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina M, Aburto F, Calderón R, Cazanga M, Escudey M (2009) Trace element composition of selected fertilizers used in Chile: phosphorus fertilisers as a source of long-term soil contamination. Soil Sediment Contam 18:497–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montambault J, Alavalapati J (2005) Socioeconomic research in agroforestry: a decade in review. Agroforest Syst 65:151–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montenegro G, Fredes C, Mejías E, Bonomelli C, Olivares L (2009) Content of heavy metals in soils near a Chilean copper mining tailing. Agrociencia (Mexico) 43:427–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno R (2012) Seasonal assessment of soil water content and penetration resistance in an agroforestry system associated to water harvesting in the inner rainfed of central Chile. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Muena V, González I, Neaman A (2010) Effects of liming and nitrogen fertilization on the development of Oenothera affinis in a soil affected by copper mining. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 10:102–114 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz C, Ovalle C, Zagal E (2007a) Distribution of soil organic carbon stock in an Alfisol profile in Mediterranean Chilean ecosystems. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 7:15–27 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz C, Ovalle C, Zagal E (2007b) Influence of trees on soil organic matter in Mediterranean agroforestry systems: an example from the ‘Espinal’ of central Chile. Eur J Soil Sci 58:728–735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz C, Monreal CM, Schnitzer M, Zagal E (2008) Influence of Acacia caven (Mol) coverage on carbon distribution and its chemical composition in soil organic carbon fractions in a Mediterranean-type climate region. Geoderma 144:352–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nario A, Capri E, Balderacchi M, Pino I, Parada AM, Videla X, Luzio W, Casanova M, Seguel O (2009) Pesticide risk management using indicators for vineyards in the central valley of Chile. Integr Environ Assess Manag 5:476–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neaman A, Reyes L, Trolard F, Bourrié G, Sauvé S (2009) Copper mobility in contaminated soils of the Puchuncaví Valley, central Chile. Geoderma 150:359–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nissen J, Quiroz C, Seguel O, Mac Donald R, Ellies A (2006) Non-saturated water movement in Andisols. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 6:9–19 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivares A, Gastó J (1981) Atriplex repanda, organization and management of ecosystems with bushes for forage. Agriculture Sciences N°7, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Orellana I (2010) Comparison of two methods to measure the wetting capacity of soils. Dissertation, Austral University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormazábal CS (1991) Silvopastoral systems in arid and semi-arid zones of northern Chile. Agroforest Syst 14:207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osorio A, Césped R (2000) Effect of micro-irrigation methods on the salinity of the soil profile in a grape vineyard. I. Electrical conductivity of sodium, chloride and boron at several points of the profile. Chil J Agric Res 60:178–194, 42 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle C, Squella F (1988) Pasture lands with annual prairie in the area with Mediterranean climate influence. In: Ruiz I (ed) Prairies for Chile. Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute, INIA, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle C, Aronson J, del Pozo A, Avendaño J (1990) The espinal: agroforestry systems of the Mediterranean-type climate region of Chile. Agroforest Syst 10:213–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle C, Aronson J, del Pozo A, Avendaño J (1999) Restoration and rehabilitation of mixed espinales in central Chile: 10 year report and appraisal. Arid Soil Res Rehabil 13:369–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyarzún C (1993) Evaluation of the USLE for the prediction of soil erosion in forested areas of the Bio–Bio river basin. Bosque 14(1):45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyarzún R, Arumí JL, Alvarez P, Rivera D (2008) Water use in the Chilean agriculture: current situation and areas for research development. In: Sorensen ML (ed) Agricultural water management research trends. Nova Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Paruelo JM, Jobbágy EG, Oesterheld M, Golluscio RA, Aguiar RA (2007) The grasslands and steppes of Patagonia and the Río de la Plata Plains. In: Veblen TT, Young KR, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of South America. Oxford University Press Inc, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña L (1983) Determination of R, K and C factors of the universal equation of estimation erosion for pre Andean Region VII. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 43(2):151–158 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña L (1985) Water erosion in hilly trumaos. In: Tosso J (ed) Volcanic soils of Chile. Agriculture Ministry, Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute (INIA) Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña L (1992) Erosion and soil conservation. In: Vera W (ed) Soils, an actualised vision of the resource. University of Chile, Faculty of Agrarian and Forestry Sciences. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña-Cortés F, Ailio C, Gutiérrez P, Escalona-Ulloa M, Rebolledo G, Pincheira-Ulbrich J, Rozas D, Hauenstein E (2008) Dunes morphology and dynamic in coastal ridge of Araucania Region in Chile. Antecedents for land conservation and land management. Rev Geogr Norte Gd 41:63–80 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peralta M (1976) Use classification and conservation of soils. Ministry of Agriculture, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez C, González J (2001) Diagnosis on the state of soil resource degradation in the country. CRI-Quilamapu, Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute (INIA), Chillán–Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Quezada JF, Delpiano CA, Snyder KA, Johnson DA, Franck N (2011) Carbon pools in an arid shrubland in Chile under natural and afforested conditions. J Arid Environ 75:29–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer M, Mascayano C, Aburto F (2010) Soils of Chilean Patagonia in glacial and periglacial environments. Eurasian Soil Sc 43(13):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pizarro R, Morales C, Vega L, Balocchi F (2009) Design manual for works of recovery and conservation of water and soil. University of Talca, INNOVA-Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizarro J, Vergara P, Rodríguez J, Valenzuela A (2010) Heavy metals in northern Chilean rivers: spatial variation and temporal trends. J Hazard Mater 181:747–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poblete L (2011) Modification of soil physical properties of a fine textured soil from Region III of Chile cultivated with grape through the use of organic matter on the row-planting. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramírez C, Ellies A, Mac Donald R, Seguel O (2003) Floristic and organic matter changes from native forest to anthropogenic prairies in volcanic soils (Region IX, Chile). J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 3(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez N (2011) Conditioning for the recultivation of a sandy loam soil disturbed by sand extraction. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez M, Suárez J (1946) The conservation of soil of Chile. General Direction of Agriculture, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez N, Ruz E, Valenzuela A, Belmar C (2000) Effect of tillage on soil erosion losses with a wheat-oat rotation and pasturing in the Andean foothills of the south-central region of Chile. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 60(3):259–269 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero H, Órdenes F (2004) Emerging Urbanization in the Southern Andes. Environmental impacts of urban sprawls in Santiago of Chile on the Andean piedmont. Mt Res Dev 24(3):197–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romo-Kröger CM, Morales JR, Dinator MI, Llona F, Eaton LC (1994) Heavy metals in the atmosphere coming from a copper smelter in Chile. Atmos Environ 28:705–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz G (2005) Manual of good soil management practices on hillsides, technical specifications. Technical series Nº 20. Chilean Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture and Livestock Service, SAG. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz G (2011) System of incentives for agri-environmental sustainability of agricultural soils. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 24:31–36 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadzawka MA (2006) Physical-chemical soil properties in the soils I: reaction (pH), acidity and alkalinity. In: Luzio W, Casanova M (eds) Advances in the knowledge of the Chilean soils. University of Chile—Chilean Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG), Maval Press, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagardía S, Seguel O, Casanova M (2008) Effect of exudations from Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch, parasite of Populus sp., on the soil hydraulic properties. In: IV Chilean Congress of Forest Sciences. Talca, Chile, 1–3 Oct, (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar O (2003) Chemical assessment of a soil under agroforestry associated to water harvesting essay in the inner rainfed of central Chile. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar O, Casanova M (2011) Runoff water harvesting as a strategy for increasing agricultural production on hillslope areas in arid and semi-arid zones. In: Carrey DM (ed) Water recycling and water management. Nova Science Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar O, Casanova M, Benavides C, Luzio W, Vera W (2006) Chemical properties of a soil under agroforestry and water harvesting in the inner rainfed zone of central Chile. Terra 24:471–476 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar O, Casanova M, Kätterer T (2011) The impact of agroforestry combined with water harvesting on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in central Chile evaluated using the ICBM/N model. Agric Ecosyst Environ 140:123–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval M, Castillo C, Zagal E, Stolpe N (2007) Hydraulic parameters determined in Andisol under different crop rotations after ten years. R C Suelo Nutr Veg 7(2):32–45 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sangüesa C, Arumí J, Pizarro R, Link O (2010) A rainfall simulator for the in situ study of superficial runoff and soil erosion. Chil J Agric Res 70(1):178–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Santibáñez F, Santibáñez P, Hernández J, Montaner D (2008) Vulnerability analysis of forestry and agricultural sector, water and soil of Chile against climate change scenarios. AGRIMED-University of Chile

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz J, Cayuela L, Echeverria C, Salas J, Rey JM (2010) Monitoring land cover change of the dryland forest landscape of Central Chile. Appl Geogr 30:436–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Ellies A, Kirchner G (1997) Vertical migration of fallout in agricultural soils from Southern Chile. Sci Total Environ 193:197–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Sepúlveda A, Trumper R, Castillo A (2000) Application of the 137Cs technique to quantify soil redistribution in Paleohumults from Central-South Chile. Acta Geol Hispan 35(3–4):285–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Ellies A, Castillo A, Salazar I (2003) Use of the 137Cs technique to estimate tillage- and water-induced soil redistribution rates on agricultural land under different use and management in central-south Chile. Soil Till Res 69:45–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Bunzl K, Voigt G, Ellies A, Castillo A (2004a) Global fallout 137Cs accumulation and vertical migration in selected soils from South Patagonia. J Environ Radioact 71(43–60):44

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Walling D, Sepúlveda A, Trumper R, Rouanet JL, Pino I, Castillo A (2004b) Use of Cs-137 measurements to estimate changes in soil erosion rates associated with changes in soil management practices on cultivated land. Appl Radiat Isot 60:759–766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Iroumé A, Walling D, Mancilla H, Castillo A, Trumper R (2006) Use of 7Be to document soil redistribution following forest harvest operations. J Environ Qual 35:1756–1763

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Walling D, Sepúlveda A, Castillo A, Pino I (2007) Changes in soil erosion associated with the shift from conventional tillage to a no-tillage system, documented using Cs-137 measurements. Soil Till Res 94(1):183–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schüller P, Iroumé A, Walling D, Castillo A (2010) Use of beryllium-7 to study the effectiveness of woody trash barriers in reducing sediment delivery to streams after forest clearcutting. Soil Till Res 110:143–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seguel O, Farías E, Luzio W, Casanova M, Pino I, Parada MA, Videla X, Nario A (2009) Changes in soil physical properties on hillsides vineyard (Vitis vinifera). ISTRO 18th Triennial conference. Izmir, Turkey, 15–19 June

    Google Scholar 

  • Seguel O, Baginsky C, Contreras A, Covarrubias J, González C, Sandoval M (2011) Changes in physical properties of a Typic Haplocambid by annual crop culture. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 11(1):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepúlveda A, Schüller P, Walling D (2008) Use of 7Be to document soil erosion associated with a short period of extreme rainfall. J Environ Radioact 99:35–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sierra C, Césped R, Osorio A (2001) Characterization of soil and water salinity in the river in the Copiapó Valley. Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute (INIA), INIA Bull 70, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva M, Lozano U (1986) Description of the main pasture species between arid Mediterranean area and the rainy area. University of Chile. Faculty of Agrarian and Forest Sciences, Department of Animal Production. Educational Publication N° 9. Santiago, Chile (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva H, Sagardía S, Seguel O, Torres C, Tapia C, Franck N, Cardemil L (2010) Effect of water availability on growth and water use efficiency for biomass and gel production in Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis M.). Ind Crop Prod 31:20–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sotomayor EM, De la Riva FP, Leiva AJ (1994) Olive adaptation to the edaphoclimatic conditions in the Lluta Valley, Arica-Chile. Acta Hortic 356:189–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocking MA, Murnaghan N (2001) Handbook for the field assessment of land degradation. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolpe N (2005) A comparison of the RUSLE, EPIC and WEPP erosion models as calibrated to climate and soil of south-central Chile. Acta Agric Scand B 55:2–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolpe N, Muñoz C, Zagal E, Ovalle C (2008) Modeling soil carbon storage in the ‘Espinal’ agroecosystem of central Chile. Arid Land Res Manag 22:148–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tchernitchin A, Lapin N, Molina L, Molina G, Tchernitchin N, Acevedo C, Alonso P (2006) Human exposure to lead in Chile. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 185:93–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres A, Acevedo E (2008) The salinity problem of the water and soil resources in Lluta and Azapa Valleys in northern Chile. Idesia 26:31–44 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Traub M (2010) Use of an organic emulsion as an erosion control management in cultivated hillside with vineyards, Region VI of Chile. Dissertation University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Undurraga P, Zagal E, Sepúlveda G, Valderrama N (2009) Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in Andisol for six crop rotations with different soil management intensity. Chil J Agric Res 69:445–454

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2007) Global environment outlook-4. (Geo-4), United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela J, Narvaez C (1983) Some factors associated with boron excess in the Elqui Valley vineyards. Agric Tecnica (Chile) 43(2):145–149 (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas R, Tokugawa K, Francke S, Makita M (1998) Erosion control manual. Agriculture Ministry of Chile (CONAF) and Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Varnero MT, Rojas C, Macaya C, Orellana R (2005) Effects of grass carpet production on agriculture soils. Chil Soc Soil Sci Bull 21:84 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbist K (2011) Climatic and soil physical constraints for efficient rain water harvesting in degraded lands of Chile. Dissertation, University of Ghent, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbist K, CornelisWM, Gabriels D, Alaerts K, Soto G (2009) Using an inverse modelling approach to evaluate the water retention in a simple water harvesting technique. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 13:1979–1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Villarroel R (2012) Chemical properties of a soil from Chilean central rainfed under an agroforestry system associated to water harvesting, 12 years old. Dissertation, University of Chile (in Spanish with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vött W, Endlicher A (2001) Landscape degradation in the Region XI of Chile within the framework of growing environmental problems in Western Patagonia—a geological and geostatistical approach. Die Erde 132:239–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses—a guide to conservation planning. Agriculture handbook Nº 537. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Youlton C, Espejo P, Biggs J, Norambuena M, Cisternas M, Neaman A, Salgado E (2010) Quantification and control of runoff and soil erosion on avocado orchards on ridges along steep-hillslopes. Cien Invest Agric 37(3):113–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Young G, Zavala H, Wandel J, Smit B, Salas S, Jimenez E, Fiebig M, Espinoza R, Diaz H, Cepeda J (2010) Vulnerability and adaptation in a dryland community of the Elqui Valley, Chile. Clim Chang 98:245–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata F (2003) Handbook for the assessment of soil erosion and sedimentation Using environmental radionuclides. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata F, Dercon G, Casanova M (2010) Soil erosion assessment: isotopic methods. In: Casanova M, Ruiz G, Zagal E (eds) Proceeding XVI international soil conservation organization congress (ISCO), November, Santiago of Chile

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil and Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Manuel Casanova, Osvaldo Salazar, Oscar Seguel & Walter Luzio

Authors
  1. Manuel Casanova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Osvaldo Salazar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Oscar Seguel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Walter Luzio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuel Casanova .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Casanova, M., Salazar, O., Seguel, O., Luzio, W. (2013). Human-Induced Soil Degradation in Chile. In: The Soils of Chile. World Soils Book Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5949-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation