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Regulated Proteolysis: Control of the Escherichia coli σE-Dependent Cell Envelope Stress Response

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Regulated Proteolysis in Microorganisms

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 66))

Abstract

Over the past decade, regulatory proteolysis has emerged as a paradigm for transmembrane signal transduction in all organisms, from bacteria to humans. These conserved proteolytic pathways share a common design that involves the sequential proteolysis of a membrane-bound regulatory protein by two proteases. Proteolysis releases the regulator, which is inactive in its membrane-bound form, into the cytoplasm where it performs its cellular function. One of the best-characterized examples of signal transduction via regulatory proteolysis is the pathway governing the σE-dependent cell envelope stress response in Escherichia coli. In unstressed cells, σE is sequestered at the membrane by the transmembrane anti-sigma factor, RseA. Stresses that compromise the cell envelope and interfere with the proper folding of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) activate the proteolytic pathway. The C-terminal residues of unfolded OMPs bind to the inner membrane protease, DegS, to initiate the proteolytic cascade. DegS removes the periplasmic domain of RseA creating a substrate for the next protease in the pathway, RseP. RseP cleaves RseA in the periplasmic region in a process called regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). The remaining fragment of RseA is released into the cytoplasm and fully degraded by the ATP-dependent protease, ClpXP, with the assistance of the adaptor protein, SspB, thereby freeing σE to reprogram gene expression. A growing body of evidence indicates that the overall proteolytic framework that governs the σE response is used to regulate similar anti-sigma factor/sigma factor pairs throughout the bacterial world and has been adapted to recognize a wide variety of signals and control systems as diverse as envelope stress responses, sporulation, virulence, and iron-siderophore uptake. In this chapter, we review the extensive physiological, biochemical, and structural studies on the σE system that provide remarkable insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of this regulated proteolytic signal transduction pathway. These studies reveal design principles that are applicable to related proteases and regulatory proteolytic pathways in all domains of life.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in BMMB, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Sarah E. Barchinger

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Sarah E. Ades

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  1. Sarah E. Barchinger
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  2. Sarah E. Ades
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Correspondence to Sarah E. Ades .

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  1. , Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Plenty Rd, Melbourne, 3086, Victoria, Australia

    David A. Dougan

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Barchinger, S.E., Ades, S.E. (2013). Regulated Proteolysis: Control of the Escherichia coli σE-Dependent Cell Envelope Stress Response. In: Dougan, D. (eds) Regulated Proteolysis in Microorganisms. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 66. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5940-4_6

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