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Biological Treatments (Antibodies)

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Book cover Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges

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Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of the human immune system and the potential role it plays in the immunologic treatment of SCCHN cancers. More specifically, it examines the significance of both innate antibody formation and introduction of bioengineered monoclonal antibodies, and how they interact. Further, this chapter discusses how these immunologic tools may be improved upon to more successfully address, and potentially clear various forms of SCCHN cancers. Initially, we study immune system mechanisms, immunotherapy, immunogenicity, and the formation of antibodies within the human immune system in reaction to antigens and targeted toxins. Secondly, we describe monoclonal antibody development, production, and biochemical and biomechanical behavior pathways. Third, we present current most commonly used monoclonal antibody therapy, such as; cetuximab and trastuzumab, and possible drug pathways being considered for future development and use in SCCHN. Fourth, we review various antibody and monoclonal antibody molecular combination therapies, developing and in use, such as; antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies. The final portion of our discussion explores the most probable future directions for SCCHN immunotherapeutic development and applications including; nanomaterials, biophysics and mass transport/oncophysics across biological barriers, and cancer stem cell research.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

ADC:

Antibody drug conjugates

ADCC:

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

ATP:

Adenosine-5′-triphosphate has a variety of functions including intracellular energy transfer

B Cells:

Lymphocytes

biAbs:

Bispecific antibodies

CDC:

Complement dependent cytotoxicity

CDR:

Complementary determining region

CSC:

Cancer stem cells

DC:

Dendritic cells

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

FcR:

Region on IgG responsible for regulating and promoting immune and inflammatory response to immune complexes

FcγRIIB:

One of four low-affinity receptors binding only to immune-complexed IgG. The only inhibitory FcR.

HAADs:

Highly active agonistic antibodies

HAMA:

Human anti-mouse antibody response

IAI:

Induction of adaptive immunity

IC:

Immune complexes antigens bound to antibodies

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G IgG makes up more than 75% of serum immunoglobulins in humans

IgG (FcγRs):

Key human FcR receptors of IgG which vary in function and affinity

kDa:

Kilodalton or Dalton; a unified atomic mass unit

LNM:

Lymph node metastasis

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

mAbs:

Monoclonal antibodies

MDSC:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

MHC:

Histocompatibility complex

NK:

Natural killer cells

p53:

Protein 53 involved in cancer suppression

R/M-SCCHN:

Recurrent or metastatic SCCHN

TAAs:

Tumor associated antigens

TECs:

Tumor endothelial cells

Tregs:

T regulatory cells

VH and VL :

Two variable domains

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Acknowledgements

For the generous contributions and guidance of Mr. David Brandon of the Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group/Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) at the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, relative to 3-D graphics and biomolecular image creation and design. We also acknowledge Dr. Falk Nimmerjahn, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremburg, Erlangen, Germany for his generosity in supplying the original images of antibody and immune system interactions, and to © 2010 John Wiley & Son A/S ∙ Immunological Reviews 236/2010 for providing copyright permission for use of those same images.

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  1. Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    William A. Paradise & James A. Radosevich Ph.D.

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Paradise, W.A., Radosevich, J.A. (2013). Biological Treatments (Antibodies). In: Radosevich, J. (eds) Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5827-8_29

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