Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role of Surgery in Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges

Abstract

This chapter discusses the role of the surgeon in the diagnosis, ­evaluation, and treatment decision making for head and neck cancer patients. The key decision point in the treatment planning is often whether to proceed with nonsurgical therapy (i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, often in combination), or surgery. When two treatment options have equivalent oncologic outcomes, the decision comes down to several factors. These include tumor characteristics, patient factors, and physician/treatment center preferences. With all these considerations in mind, recommendations for treatment come after discussions at multidisciplinary tumor conferences.

Head and neck cancer may develop in the neck, oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, sinonasal cavity, larynx, hypopharynx, and salivary glands. Evaluation of patients with cancer in each of these sites is discussed. The treatment of cervical lymph node groups depends on the site and stage of the primary site of head and neck cancer; the rationale for treating the lymph nodes is explained. The benefits and disadvantages of surgical and non-surgical therapies are discussed for each of the head and neck cancer sites. When surgery is chosen, treatment may leave a patient with a defect that can dramatically alter his or her appearance or ability to swallow or communicate. Surgeons play a critical role in minimizing these effects with reconstructive efforts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sisson GA (1983) The head and neck story. American Society for Head and Neck Surgery. Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brockstein B (2003) Organ preservation for advanced head and neck cancer: concomitant chemoradiation. Cancer Treat Res 114:235–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wolf GT, Forastiere A, Ang K et al (1999) Workshop report: organ preservation strategies in advanced head and neck cancer–current status and future directions. Head Neck 21(8):689–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen AY, Schrag N, Hao Y et al (2007) Changes in treatment of advanced oropharyngeal cancer, 1985–2001. Laryngoscope 117(1):16–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Worden FP, Ha H (2008) Controversies in the management of oropharynx cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 6(7):707–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brizel DM, Lydiatt W, Colevas AD (2011) Controversies in the locoregional management of head and neck cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 9(6):653–662

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Amedee RG, Dhurandhar NR (2001) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Laryngoscope 111(9):1551–1557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dillon WP, Harnsberger HR (1991) The impact of radiologic imaging on staging of cancer of the head and neck. Semin Oncol 18(2):64–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Di Martino E, Nowak B, Hassan HA et al (2000) Diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer: a comparison of modern imaging modalities (positron emission tomography, computed tomography, color-coded duplex sonography) with panendoscopic and histopathologic findings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126(12):1457–1461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Petersen PE (2009) Oral cancer prevention and control – the approach of the World Health Organization. Oral Oncol 45(4–5):454–460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rodriguez-Bruno K, Ali MJ, Wang SJ (2011) Role of panendoscopy to identify synchronous second primary malignancies in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 33(7):949–953

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC et al (eds) (2009) American Joint Committee on Cancer: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York, pp 21–101

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brandwein-Gensler M, Smith RV (2010) Prognostic indicators in head and neck oncology including the new 7th edition of the AJCC staging system. Head Neck Pathol 4(1):53–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Argiris A, Karamouzis MV, Raben D, Ferris RL (2008) Head and neck cancer. Lancet 371(9625):1695–1709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Amdur RJ et al (2005) Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for salivary gland carcinoma. Cancer 103(12):2544–2550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Funk GF, Karnell LH, Robinson RA et al (2002) Presentation, treatment, and outcome of oral cavity cancer: a National Cancer Data Base report. Head Neck 24(2):165–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP et al (2002) Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiation therapy, or both. Cancer 94(11):2967–2980

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fury MG, Pfister DG (2011) Current recommendations for systemic therapy of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 9(6):681–689

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Colevas AD (2006) Chemotherapy options for patients with metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 24(17):2644–2652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Peters LJ, O’Sullivan B, Giralt J et al (2010) Critical impact of radiotherapy protocol compliance and quality in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer: results from TROG 02.02. J Clin Oncol 28(18):2996–3001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gourin CG, Johnson JT (2009) A contemporary review of indications for primary surgical care of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 119(11):2124–2134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Denaro N, Russi EG, Adamo V et al (2011) Postoperative therapy in head and neck cancer: state of the art, risk subset, prognosis and unsolved questions. Oncology 81(1):21–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere AA et al (2004) Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 350(19):1937–1944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wong CH, Wei FC (2010) Microsurgical free flap in head and neck reconstruction. Head Neck 32(9):1236–1245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Marchant FE, Lowry LD, Moffitt JJ, Sabbagh R (1993) Current national trends in the posttreatment follow-up of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol 14(2):88–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schwartz LH, Ozsahin M, Zhang GN et al (1994) Synchronous and metachronous head and neck carcinomas. Cancer 74(7):1933–1938

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dhooge IJ, De Vos M, Van Cauwenberge PB (1998) Multiple primary malignant tumors in patients with head and neck cancer: results of a prospective study and future perspectives. Laryngoscope 108(2):250–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mukherji SK, Armao D, Joshi VM (2001) Cervical nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: what to expect. Head Neck 23(11):995–1005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shah JP (1990) Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 160(4):405–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jose J, Coatesworth AP, MacLennan K (2003) Cervical metastases in upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma: histopathologic analysis and reporting. Head Neck 25(3):194–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shah JP, Medina JE, Shaha AR et al (1993) Cervical lymph node metastasis. Curr Probl Surg 30(3):1–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Byers RM, Clayman GL, McGill D et al (1999) Selective neck dissections for squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: patterns of regional failure. Head Neck 21(6):499–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yuen A, Jacobs C (1999) Lymphomas of the head and neck. Semin Oncol 26(3):338–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G et al (1999) World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. J Clin Oncol 17(12):3835–3849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Nayak LM, Deschler DG (2003) Lymphomas. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 36(4):625–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mazzaferri EL (1992) Thyroid cancer in thyroid nodules: finding a needle in the haystack. Am J Med 93(4):359–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. McHenry C, Smith M, Lawrence AM et al (1988) Nodular thyroid disease in children and adolescents: a high incidence of carcinoma. Am Surg 54(7):444–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lawrence W Jr, Kaplan BJ (2002) Diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules. J Surg Oncol 80(3):157–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sosa JA, Udelsman R (2006) Papillary thyroid cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 15(3):585–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR (1998) A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985–1995. Cancer 83(12):2638–2648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wartofsky L, Van Nostrand D (eds) (2012) Thyroid cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management, 2nd edn. Humana Press, Totowa

    Google Scholar 

  42. de Bree R, van der Waal I, de Bree E, Leemans CR (2010) Management of adult soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 46(11):786–790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. O-charoenrat P, Pillai G, Patel S, Fisher C, Archer D, Eccles S, Rhys-Evans P (2003) Tumour thickness predicts cervical nodal metastases and survival in early oral tongue cancer. Oral Oncol 39(4):386–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Fukano H, Matsuura H, Hasegawa Y, Nakamura S (1997) Depth of invasion as a predictive factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in tongue carcinoma. Head Neck 19(3):205–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gor DM, Langer JE, Loevner LA (2006) Imaging of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer: the basics. Radiol Clin N Am 44(1):101–110, viii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bar Ad V, Chalian A (2008) Management of clinically negative neck for the patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in the modern era. Oral Oncol 44(9):817–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Shasha D, Harrison LB (1998) Elective irradiation of the N0 neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 31(5):803–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fasunla AJ, Greene BH, Timmesfeld N et al (2011) A meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on elective neck dissection versus therapeutic neck dissection in oral cavity cancers with clinically node-negative neck. Oral Oncol 47(5):320–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chiu RJ, Myers EN, Johnson JT (2004) Efficacy of routine bilateral neck dissection in the management of supraglottic cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131(4):485–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Alvi A, Johnson JT (1996) Extracapsular spread in the clinically negative neck (N0): implications and outcome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 114(1):65–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Thariat J, Ang KK, Allen PK et al (2012) Prediction of neck dissection requirement after definitive radiotherapy for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82(3):e367–e374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Samant S, Robbins KT (2003) Evolution of neck dissection for improved functional outcome. World J Surg 27(7):805–810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Santos AB, Cernea CR, Inoue M, Ferraz AR (2006) Selective neck dissection for node-positive necks in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a word of caution. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132(1):79–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Puri SK, Fan CY, Hanna E (2003) Significance of extracapsular lymph node metastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 11(2):119–123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ozer E, Agrawal A, Ozer HG, Schuller DE (2008) The impact of surgery in the management of the head and neck carcinoma involving the carotid artery. Laryngoscope 118(10):1771–1774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Righi PD, Kelley DJ, Ernst R et al (1996) Evaluation of prevertebral muscle invasion by squamous cell carcinoma. Can computed tomography replace open neck exploration? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122(6):660–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Mahoney EJ, Spiegel JH (2005) Evaluation and management of malignant cervical lymphadenopathy with an unknown primary tumor. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 38(1):87–97, viii–ix

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Waltonen JD, Ozer E, Hall NC et al (2009) Metastatic carcinoma of the neck of unknown primary origin: evolution and efficacy of the modern workup. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135(10):1024–1029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jones AS, Cook JA, Phillips DE, Roland NR (1993) Squamous carcinoma presenting as an enlarged cervical lymph node. Cancer 72(5):1756–1761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Waltonen JD, Ozer E, Schuller DE, Agrawal A (2009) Tonsillectomy vs. deep tonsil biopsies in detecting occult tonsil tumors. Laryngoscope 119(1):102–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Koch WM, Bhatti N, Williams MF, Eisele DW (2001) Oncologic rationale for bilateral tonsillectomy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary source. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124(3):331–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Coster JR, Foote RL, Olsen KD et al (1992) Cervical nodal metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin: indications for withholding radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23(4):743–749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Aslani M, Sultanem K, Voung T et al (2007) Metastatic carcinoma to the cervical nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site: is there a need for neck dissection? Head Neck 29(6):585–590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Patel RS, Clark J, Wyten R et al (2007) Squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown head and neck primary site: a “selective treatment” approach. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133(12):1282–1287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Anderson WF, Gillison ML (2008) Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. J Clin Oncol 26(4):612–619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM et al (1988) Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res 48(11):3282–3287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Califano J, van der Riet P, Westra W et al (1996) Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization. Cancer Res 56(11):2488–2492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fanucchi M, Khuri FR, Shin D et al (2006) Update in the management of head and neck cancer. Update Cancer Ther 1(2):211–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Sciubba JJ, Goldenberg D (2006) Oral complications of radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol 7(2):175–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lydiatt DD, Robbins KT, Byers RM, Wolf PF (1993) Treatment of stage I and II oral tongue cancer. Head Neck 15(4):308–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bokhari WA, Wang SJ (2007) Tongue reconstruction: recent advances. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 15(4):202–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chepeha DB, Teknos TN, Shargorodsky J et al (2008) Rectangle tongue template for reconstruction of the hemiglossectomy defect. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(9):993–998

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Savant DN, Patel SG, Deshmukh SP et al (1995) Folded free radial forearm flap for reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the cheek. Head Neck 17(4):293–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wax MK, Bascom DA, Myers LL (2002) Marginal mandibulectomy vs segmental mandibulectomy: indications and controversies. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128(5):600–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cordeiro PG, Disa JJ, Hidalgo DA, Hu QY (1999) Reconstruction of the mandible with osseous free flaps: a 10-year experience with 150 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 104(5):1314–1320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rieger JM, Wolfaardt JF, Jha N, Seikaly H (2003) Maxillary obturators: the relationship between patient satisfaction and speech outcome. Head Neck 25(11):895–903

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Browne JD, Butler S, Rees C (2011) Functional outcomes and suitability of the temporalis myofascial flap for palatal and maxillary reconstruction after oncologic resection. Laryngoscope 121(6):1149–1159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cordeiro PG, Chen CM (2012) A 15-year review of midface reconstruction after total and subtotal maxillectomy: part I. Algorithm and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 129(1):124–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Marur S, D’Souza G, Westra WH, Forastiere AA (2010) HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol 11(8):781–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gillison ML, Koch WM, Capone RB et al (2000) Evidence for a causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(9):709–720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Licitra L, Perrone F, Bossi P et al (2006) High-risk human papillomavirus affects prognosis in patients with surgically treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24(36):5630–5636

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Fakhry C, Westra WH, Li S, Cmelak A, Ridge JA, Pinto H, Forastiere A, Gillison ML (2008) Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(4):261–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gourin CG, Johnson JT (2001) Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Head Neck 23(8):653–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, Morris CG et al (2010) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 120(11):2218–2222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Rusthoven KE, Raben D, Chen C (2008) Improved survival in patients with Stage III–IV Head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy as primary local treatment modality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72(2):343–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rusthoven KE, Raben D, Ballonoff A et al (2008) Effect of radiation techniques in treatment of oropharynx cancer. Laryngoscope 118(4):635–639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Greven KM, White DR, Browne JD et al (2008) Swallowing dysfunction is a common sequelae after chemoradiation for oropharynx carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 31(3):209–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Shiley SG, Hargunani CA, Skoner JM et al (2006) Swallowing function after chemoradiation for advanced stage oropharyngeal cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(3):455–459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zelefsky MJ, Harrison LB, Armstrong JG (1992) Long-term treatment results of postoperative radiation therapy for advanced stage oropharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 70(10):2388–2395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Weinstein GS, Quon H, O’Malley BW Jr et al (2010) Selective neck dissection and deintensified postoperative radiation and chemotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer: a subset analysis of the University of Pennsylvania transoral robotic surgery trial. Laryngoscope 120(9):1749–1755

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Weinstein GS, O’Malley BW Jr, Snyder W, Sherman E, Quon H (2007) Transoral robotic surgery: radical tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133(12):1220–1226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lim YC, Koo BS, Lee JS, Lim JY, Choi EC (2006) Distributions of cervical lymph node metastases in oropharyngeal carcinoma: therapeutic implications for the N0 neck. Laryngoscope 116(7):1148–1152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Moore EJ, Olsen KD, Martin EJ (2011) Concurrent neck dissection and transoral robotic surgery. Laryngoscope 121(3):541–544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Holsinger FC, McWhorter AJ, Ménard M et al (2005) Transoral lateral oropharyngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region: I. Technique, complications, and functional results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131(7):583–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Grant DG, Salassa JR, Hinni ML et al (2006) Carcinoma of the tongue base treated by transoral laser microsurgery, part one: untreated tumors, a prospective analysis of oncologic and functional outcomes. Laryngoscope 116(12):2150–2155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. O’Malley BW Jr, Weinstein GS, Snyder W, Hockstein NG (2006) Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for base of tongue neoplasms. Laryngoscope 116(8):1465–1472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Henstrom DK, Moore EJ, Olsen KD et al (2009) Transoral resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135(12):1231–1238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Riddle SA, Andersen PE, Everts EC, Cohen JI (1997) Midline mandibular osteotomy: an analysis of functional outcomes. Laryngoscope 107(7):893–896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Holsinger FC, Laccourreye O, Weber RS (2005) Surgical approaches for cancer of the oropharynx. Oper Tech Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg 16:40–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Ferris RL, Myers RN (2005) Suprahyoid pharyngotomy. Oper Tech Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 16(1):49–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Gillespie MB, Brodsky MB, Day TA et al (2005) Laryngeal penetration and aspiration during swallowing after the treatment of advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131(7):615–619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A (2012) Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 62(1):10–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Qadeer MA, Colabianchi N, Strome M, Vaezi MF (2006) Gastroesophageal reflux and laryngeal cancer: causation or association? A critical review. Am J Otolaryngol 27(2):119–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Buckley JG, MacLennan K (2000) Cancer spread in the larynx: a pathologic basis for conservation surgery. Head Neck 22(3):265–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Altman KW, Waltonen JD, Kern RC (2005) Urgent surgical airway intervention: a 3 year county hospital experience. Laryngoscope 115(12):2101–2104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hinerman RW, Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ et al (2002) Early laryngeal cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 3(1):3–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hicks WL Jr, Kollmorgen DR, Kuriakose MA et al (1999) Patterns of nodal metastasis and surgical management of the neck in supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121(1):57–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Rowley H, Walsh M, McShane D et al (1995) Chondroradionecrosis of the larynx: still a diagnostic dilemma. J Laryngol Otol 109(3):218–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. McLaughlin MP, Parsons JT, Fein DA, Stringer SP et al (1996) Salvage surgery after radiotherapy failure in T1–T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx. Head Neck 18(3):229–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group (1991) Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 324(24):1685–1690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Forastiere AA, Goepfert H, Maor M et al (2003) Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 349(22):2091–2098

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hoffman HT, Porter K, Karnell LH et al (2006) Laryngeal cancer in the United States: changes in demographics, patterns of care, and survival. Laryngoscope 116(9 Pt 2 Suppl 111):1–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Nguyen NP, Moltz CC, Frank C et al (2004) Dysphagia following chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Ann Oncol 15(3):383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Jones AS, Fish B, Fenton JE, Husband DJ (2004) The treatment of early laryngeal cancers (T1–T2 N0): surgery or irradiation? Head Neck 26(2):127–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Peretti G, Nicolai P, Redaelli De Zinis LO et al (2000) Endoscopic CO2 laser excision for tis, T1, and T2 glottic carcinomas: cure rate and prognostic factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123(1 Pt 1):124–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Alon EE, Kasperbauer JL, Olsen KD, Moore EJ (2012) Feasibility of transoral robotic-assisted supraglottic laryngectomy. Head Neck 34(2):225–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Vilaseca I, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Luis Blanch J (2010) Transoral laser microsurgery for T3 laryngeal tumors: prognostic factors. Head Neck 32(7):929–938

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Misono S, Merati AL (2011) Are patient-reported voice outcomes better after surgery or after radiation for treatment of T1 glottic carcinoma? Laryngoscope 121(3):461–462

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Peretti G, Piazza C, Cattaneo A et al (2006) Comparison of functional outcomes after endoscopic versus open-neck supraglottic laryngectomies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 115(11):827–832

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Thomas JV, Olsen KD, Neel HB 3rd et al (1994) Early glottic carcinoma treated with open laryngeal procedures. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120(3):264–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Holsinger FC, Laccourreye O, Weinstein GS et al (2005) Technical refinements in the supracricoid partial laryngectomy to optimize functional outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 201(5):809–820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Tufano RP (2002) Organ preservation surgery for laryngeal cancer. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 35(5):1067–1080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Herranz-González J, Gavilán J, Martínez-Vidal J, Gavilán C (1996) Supraglottic laryngectomy: functional and oncologic results. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 105(1):18–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Hutcheson KA, Alvarez CP, Barringer DA et al (2012) Outcomes of elective total laryngectomy for laryngopharyngeal dysfunction in disease-free head and neck cancer survivors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 146(4):585–590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Aarts MC, Rovers MM, Grau C et al (2011) Salvage laryngectomy after primary radiotherapy: what are prognostic factors for the development of pharyngocutaneous fistulae? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 144(1):5–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Brown DH, Hilgers FJ, Irish JC, Balm AJ (2003) Postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation: state of the art at the millennium. World J Surg 27(7):824–831

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Pou AM (2004) Tracheoesophageal voice restoration with total laryngectomy. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 37(3):531–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Hoffman HT, Karnell LH, Funk GF et al (1998) The National Cancer Data Base report on cancer of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124(9):951–962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hoffman HT, Karnell LH, Shah JP et al (1997) Hypopharyngeal cancer patient care evaluation. Laryngoscope 107(8):1005–1017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Ho CM, Ng WF, Lam KH et al (1997) Submucosal tumor extension in hypopharyngeal cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123(9):959–965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lefebvre JL, Chevalier D, Luboinski B et al (1996) Larynx preservation in pyriform sinus cancer: preliminary results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(13):890–899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lee WT, Akst LM, Adelstein DJ et al (2006) Risk factors for hypopharyngeal/upper esophageal stricture formation after concurrent chemoradiation. Head Neck 28(9):808–812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Goguen LA, Norris CM, Jaklitsch MT et al (2010) Combined antegrade and retrograde esophageal dilation for head and neck cancer-related complete esophageal stenosis. Laryngoscope 120(2):261–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Martin A, Jäckel MC, Christiansen H et al (2008) Organ preserving transoral laser microsurgery for cancer of the hypopharynx. Laryngoscope 118(3):398–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Laccourreye O, Mérite-Drancy A, Brasnu D et al (1993) Supracricoid hemilaryngopharyngectomy in selected pyriform sinus carcinoma staged as T2. Laryngoscope 103(12):1373–1379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Archibald S, Young JE, Thoma A (2005) Pharyngo-cervical esophageal reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 32(3):339–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Sun LM, Epplein M, Li CI et al (2005) Trends in the incidence rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma among Chinese Americans living in Los Angeles County and the San Francisco metropolitan area, 1992–2002. Am J Epidemiol 162(12):1174–1178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Burgos JS (2005) Involvement of the Epstein-Barr virus in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathogenesis. Med Oncol 22(2):113–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Wei WI, Sham JS (2005) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet 365(9476):2041–2054

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Wong AS, Soo RA, Lu JJ et al (2006) Paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil and hydroxyurea concurrent with radiation in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol 17(7):1152–1157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Rottey S, Madani I, Deron P, Van Belle S (2011) Modern treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current status and prospects. Curr Opin Oncol 23(3):254–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Smee RI, Meagher NS, Broadley K et al (2010) Recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current management approaches. Am J Clin Oncol 33(5):469–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Wei WI, Chan JY, Ng RW, Ho WK (2011) Surgical salvage of persistent or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma with maxillary swing approach – critical appraisal after 2 decades. Head Neck 33(7):969–975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Shu CH, Cheng H, Lirng JF et al (2000) Salvage surgery for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 110(9):1483–1488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Wei WI, Ho WK (2010) Transoral robotic resection of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 120(10):2011–2014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Turner JH, Reh DD (2012) Incidence and survival in patients with sinonasal cancer: a historical analysis of population-based data. Head Neck 34(6):877–885

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Spiro JD, Soo KC, Spiro RH (1995) Nonsquamous cell malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Head Neck 17(2):114–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Luce D, Gérin M, Leclerc A et al (1993) Sinonasal cancer and occupational exposure to formaldehyde and other substances. Int J Cancer 53(2):224–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yamaguchi M (2005) Encephalocele in the ethmoid sinus presenting as a massive intracerebral hemorrhage after a “polypectomy”: a case report. Am J Otolaryngol 26(1):67–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Loevner LA, Sonners AI (2004) Imaging of neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 14(4):625–646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Daly ME, Chen AM, Bucci MK et al (2007) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(1):151–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Bristol IJ, Ahamad A, Garden AS et al (2007) Postoperative radiotherapy for maxillary sinus cancer: long-term outcomes and toxicities of treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68(3):719–730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Pittman AL, Zender CA (2010) Total maxillectomy. Oper Tech Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 21(3):166–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Patel SG, Singh B, Polluri A et al (2003) Craniofacial surgery for malignant skull base tumors: report of an international collaborative study. Cancer 98(6):1179–1187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Suárez C, Ferlito A, Lund VJ et al (2008) Management of the orbit in malignant sinonasal tumors. Head Neck 30(2):242–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Lund V, Howard DJ, Wei WI (2007) Endoscopic resection of malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses. Am J Rhinol 21(1):89–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Cantù G, Bimbi G, Miceli R et al (2008) Lymph node metastases in malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses: prognostic value and treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(2):170–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Pinkston JA, Cole P (1999) Incidence rates of salivary gland tumors: results from a population-based study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120(6):834–840

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Eveson JW, Cawson RA (1985) Salivary gland tumours. A review of 2410 cases with particular reference to histological types, site, age and sex distribution. J Pathol 146(1):51–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Terhaard CH, Lubsen H, Van der Tweel I et al (2004) Salivary gland carcinoma: independent prognostic factors for locoregional control, distant metastases, and overall survival: results of the Dutch head and neck oncology cooperative group. Head Neck 26(8):681–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Bianchi B, Ferri A, Sesenna E (2012) Facial reanimation after nerve sacrifice in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 20(2):114–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Gold DR, Annino DJ Jr (2005) Management of the neck in salivary gland carcinoma. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 38(1):99–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Joshua D. Waltonen

Authors
  1. Joshua D. Waltonen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joshua D. Waltonen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. S Paulina St 801, Chicago, 60612, USA

    James A. Radosevich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Waltonen, J.D. (2013). Role of Surgery in Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. In: Radosevich, J. (eds) Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5827-8_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation