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Proteins of the Nucleolus pp 209–247Cite as

Nucleolar Protein Anchoring and Translocation

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Abstract

Proteins anchor to the nucleolus because of a retardation of their movement by transient binding to nucleolar constituents. It is achieved due to a targeting signal present in the anchored protein that interacts with target constituents in the nucleolus. Critical targets are rDNA, pre-rRNA and key proteins that usually appear early during formation of the nucleolus. Residents of the nucleolus form a net of interactions that includes hub proteins serving as platforms for binding other ones. In several cases anchoring is regulated by posttranslational modifications (e.g. nucleophosmin), GTP binding (nucleostemin), enzymatic activity (DNA topoisomerase I), stress conditions (Hsc70) or cellular pH (von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor). Several proteins use more than one mechanism to anchor to the nucleolus (e.g. DNA topoisomerase I).

Impairment of basic nucleolar processes like pre-rRNA synthesis or processing by DNA damage or inhibitors leads to translocation of numerous proteins and in effect to nucleolar reorganization. Ordered translocations of nucleolar proteins occur during disassembly and reassembly of the nucleolus in the course of mitosis. A specific sequence of translocations activated in a chain of events (that initially removes DNA topoisomerase I from the nucleoli) is observed in cells treated with camptothecin.

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Abbreviations

Cdk:

Cyclin dependent kinase

CPT:

Camptothecin

DFC:

Dense fibrillar component

DRB:

5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole

FC:

Fibrillar center

GAR:

Glycine- and arginine-rich

GC:

Granular component

HMG:

High mobility group

IR:

Ionizing radiation

MNNG:

N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin kinase

NLS:

Nuclear localization signal

NoDSH+ :

Nucleolar detention signal regulated by H+

NoLS:

Nucleolar localization signal

NOR:

Nucleolar organization region

Pol I (II, III):

RNA polymerase I (II, III)

PTM:

Posttranslational modifications

rDNA:

Ribosomal DNA

RNP:

Ribonucleoprotein

RP:

Ribosomal protein

RRM:

RNA-recognition motif

snoRNA:

Small nucleolar RNA

SSU:

Small subunit

Topo I:

DNAtopoisomerase I

TTF:

Transcription termination factor

UBF:

Upstream binding factor

VHL:

Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor

WRN:

Werner Syndrome protein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland

    Krzysztof Staroń & Agnieszka Girstun

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  1. Krzysztof Staroń
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  2. Agnieszka Girstun
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Correspondence to Krzysztof Staroń .

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  1. , Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga Rd. N. 3359, Mississauga, L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada

    Danton H O'Day

  2. , Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga Rd. 3359, Mississauga, L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew Catalano

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Staroń, K., Girstun, A. (2013). Nucleolar Protein Anchoring and Translocation. In: O'Day, D., Catalano, A. (eds) Proteins of the Nucleolus. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5818-6_10

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