Skip to main content

The Pleasant Life, the Engaged Life, and the Meaningful Life: What About the Balanced Life?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Exploration of Happiness

Part of the book series: Happiness Studies Book Series ((HAPS))

Abstract

Martin Seligman, in his very popular book Authentic Happiness (Seligman 2002), argued that authentic happiness is derived from three major sets of experiences in life, namely experiencing pleasantness regularly (the pleasant life), experiencing a high level of engagement in satisfying activities (the engaged life), and experiencing a sense of connectedness to a greater whole (the meaningful life). In this chapter, we maintain that balance in life contributes significantly to subjective well-being. Balance contributes to subjective well-being because of the satisfaction limit that people can derive from a single life domain. People have to be involved in multiple domains to satisfy the full spectrum of human development needs. Different life domains tend to focus on different human developmental needs. More specifically, balance contributes to subjective well-being because subjective well-being can only be attained when both survival and growth needs are met. High levels of subjective well-being cannot be attained with satisfaction of basic needs or growth needs alone. Both needs have to be met to induce subjective well-being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alderfer CP (1972) Existence, relatedness, and growth: human needs in organizational settings. The Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfonso VC, Allinson DB, Rader DE, Gorman BS (1996) The extended satisfaction with life scale: development and psychometric properties. Soc Indic Res 38:275–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews FM, Withey SB (1976) Social indicators of well-being: America’s perception of life quality. Plenum Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bedeian AG, Mossholder KW, Touliatos J (1986) Individual propensities for emotional supportiveness within a dual-career context: work and non-work reactions. Int J Manpow 7(4):7–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedeian AG, Burke BG, Moffett RC (1988) Outcomes of work-family conflict among male and female professionals. J Manag 14:475–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentham J (1978) The principles of morals and legislation. Prometheus, Buffalo

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava S (1995) An integration-theoretical analysis of life satisfaction. Psychol Stud 40:170

    Google Scholar 

  • Buell P, Breslow L (1960) Mortality from coronary heart disease in California men who work long hours. J Chronic Dis 11:615–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RJ (2001) Organizational values, work experiences and satisfactions among managerial and professional women. J Manag Dev 20(4):346–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RJ (2003) Organizational values, work experiences, and satisfactions among Australian psychologists. Int J Organ Analysis 11(2):123–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell A, Converse PE, Rodgers WL (1976) The quality of American life. Sage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan RD, Cobb S, French JRP, VanHarrison R, Pinnean SR (1975) Job demand and worker health: main effect and occupational differences. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen N (1996) Individual differences in answering the four questions of happiness. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins KM, Killough LN (1989) Managing stress in public accounting. J Account 167(5):92–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi M (1999) If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy? Am Psychol 54:821–827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danna K, Griffin RW (1999) Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. J Manag 25(3):357–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener E, Larsen R, Levine S, Emmons R (1985) Intensity and frequency: dimensions underlying positive and negative affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 48:1253–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards JR, Rothbard NC (2000) Mechanisms linking work and family: clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Acad Manag Rev 25:178–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezra M, Deckman M (1996) Balancing work and family responsibilities: flextime and child care in the federal government. Public Adm Rev 56(2):174–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson BL, Losada MF (2005) Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. Am Psychol 60(7):678–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French JRP, Caplan RD (1973) Psychosocial factors in coronary heart disease. Ind Medicine 39:383–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisch MB (2006) Quality of life therapy: interventions to improve the quality of life of patients with emotional or physical problems. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu CK, Shaffer MA (2001) The tug of work and family—direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Pers Rev 30(5–6):502–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin J (1986) Well-being: its meaning, measurement, and moral importance. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall J (1976) Subjective measures of quality of life in Britain, 1971 to 1975: some developments. Soc Trends 7:47–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg F (1966) Work and the nature of man. World, Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  • Holaham CK, Gilbert LA (1979) Interrole conflict for working women: career versus jobs. J Appl Psychol 64:86–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman D (1999) Objective happiness. In: Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N (eds) Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage, New York, pp 3–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama S, Markus HR (2000) The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In: Diener E, Suh EM (eds) Culture and subjective well-being. The MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 113–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosenko R, Sirgy MJ, Efraty D (1990) A life satisfaction measure based on need hierarchy theory. In: Meadow HL, Sirgy MJ (eds) Quality-of-life studies in marketing and management. International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, Blacksburg, Virginia, pp 657–667

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin K (1951) Field theory in social science. Harper & Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SC, Cooper CL (1987) Stress in two-earner couples and stage of the life cycle. J Occup Psychol 60:289–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen S (2003) The effects of home-based teleworking on work-family conflict. Hum Resource Dev Q 14(1):35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks SR, McDermid SM (1996) Multiple roles and the self: a theory of role balance. J Marriage Fam 58:417–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow AH (1954, 1970) Motivation and personality. Harper, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland DC (1961) The achieving society. The Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Niven D (2000) The 100 simple secrets of happy people: what scientists have learned and how you can use it. Harper San Francisco, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum M (1992) Human functioning and social justice: in defense of Aristotelian essentialism. Political Theory 20:202–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien GE (1986) Psychology of work and unemployment. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Oishi S, Diner E, Lucas RE, Suh EM (1999) Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: perspectives from needs and values. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 25:980–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parasuraman S, Greenhhaus JH, Granrose CS (1992) Role stressors, social support, and well-being among two-career couples. J Organ Behav 13(4):339–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C, Park N, Seligman MEP (2005) Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life. J Happiness Stud 6:24–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice RW, McFarlin DB, Hunt RG, Near JP (1985) Organizational work and the perceived quality of life: toward a conceptual model. Acad Manag Rev 10:296–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts KH, Glick W (1981) The job characteristics approach to task design: a critical review. J Appl Psychol 66:193–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salanick GR, Pfeffer J (1977) An examination of need-satisfaction models of job attitudes. Adm Sci Q 23:224–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz N, Strack F (1999) Reports of subjective well-being: judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In: Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N (eds) Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp 61–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeman M (1967) On the personal consequences of alienation and job satisfaction. Ind Labor Rev 23:207–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekaran U (1986) Dual-career families. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP (2002) Authentic happiness: using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. The Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP, Royzman E (2003) Happiness: the three traditional theories. Authentic happiness newsletter, July 2003 (http://www.authentichappiness.org/news/news6.html)

  • Sen A (1985) Commodities and capabilities. North-Holland, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy MJ (2002) The psychology of quality of life. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy MJ, Cole D, Kosenko R, Meadow HL, Rahtz D, Cicic M, Jin GX, Yarsuvat D, Blenkhorn DL, Nagpal N (1995) Developing a life satisfaction measure based on need hierarchy theory. In: Sirgy MJ, Samli AC (eds) New dimensions of marketing and quality of life (. Greenwood Press, Westport, pp 3–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffy BD, Ashbaugh D (1986) Dual-career planning, marital satisfaction, and job stress among women in dual-career marriages. J Bus Psychol 1(2):114–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturges J, Guest D (2004) Working to live or living to work? Work/life balance early in the career. Hum Resource Manag J 14(4):5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Programme (1998) Human development report 1998. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Valliant G (1977) Adaptations to life. Little Brown, Boston, p 373

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven R (1995) The cross-national pattern of happiness: test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness. Soc Indic Res 34:33–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley DL (1987) The relationship between work/nonwork role conflict and job-related outcomes: some unanticipated findings. J Manag 13:467–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright N, Larsen V (1993) Materialism and life satisfaction: a meta-analysis. J Consumer Satisf Dissatisfaction Complain Behav 6:158–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohman BL (1973) Emotional factors in coronary disease. Geriatrics 28:110–119

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Joseph Sirgy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Joseph Sirgy, M., Wu, J. (2013). The Pleasant Life, the Engaged Life, and the Meaningful Life: What About the Balanced Life?. In: Delle Fave, A. (eds) The Exploration of Happiness. Happiness Studies Book Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5702-8_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics