Abstract
The structure solution process consists of a series of steps, each requiring decisions and each depending upon the previous ones having been performed correctly. The preliminary steps involve selecting the best sample, choosing the most appropriate radiation, collecting the data, indexing the pattern, determining the most probable space group(s), and estimating the profile parameters. If extracted intensities are to be used for structure solution, something must be done about the overlapping reflections. They can be equipartitioned, or, if necessary, more sophisticated approaches can be applied to improve the partitioning. At this point, the structure solution algorithm most appropriate for the material and the data must be chosen and applied. Finally, the (partial) structural model has to be completed and refined. The art of structure determination from powder diffraction data lies in finding a viable path through the maze of possibilities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rietveld HM (1969) A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Acta Crystallogr 2:65–71
Snyder RL (1993) Analytical profile fitting of X-ray powder diffraction profiles in Rietveld analysis. In: Young RA (ed) The Rietveld method. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 111–131
David WIF, Shankland K, McCusker LB, Baerlocher C (eds) (2002) Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Baerlocher Ch, McCusker LB (eds) (2004) Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Z Kristallogr 219:782–901
David WIF, Shankland K (2008) Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Acta Crystallogr A64:52–64
Whitfield P (2013) Laboratory X-ray powder diffraction. In: Kolb U, Shankland K, Meshi L, Avilov A, David WIF (eds) Uniting electron crystallography and powder diffraction, NATO science for peace and security series B: physics and biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 53–64
Gozzo F (2013) Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. In: Kolb U, Shankland K, Meshi L, Avilov A, David WIF (eds) Uniting electron crystallography and powder diffraction, NATO science for peace and security series B: physics and biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 65–82
Pawley GS (1981) Unit cell refinement from powder diffraction scans. J Appl Crystallogr 14:357–361
Le Bail A, Duroy H, Fourquet JL (1988) Ab-initio structure determination of LiSbWO4 by X-ray powder diffraction. Mater Res Bull 23:447–452
David WIF, Sivia DS (2002) Extracting integrated intensities from powder diffraction patterns. In: David WIF, Shankland K, McCusker LB, Baerlocher C (eds) Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 136–161
(a) Fernandes P, Shankland K, David WIF, Markvardsen AJ, Florence AJ, Shankland N, Leech CK (2008) A differential thermal expansion approach to crystal structure determination from powder diffraction data. J Appl Crystallogr 41:1089–1094. (b) Wright JP (2004) Extraction and use of correlated integrated intensities with powder diffraction data. Z Kristallogr 219:791–802
Von Dreele RB (2007) Multipattern Rietveld refinement of protein powder data: an approach to higher resolution. J Appl Crystallogr 40:133–143
Baerlocher Ch, McCusker LB, Prokic S, Wessels T (2004) Exploiting texture to estimate the relative intensities of overlapping reflections. Z Kristallogr 219:803–812
Altomare A, Caliandro R, Camalli M, Cuocci C, Giacovazzo C, Moliterni AGG, Rizzi R (2004) Automatic structure determination from powder data with EXPO2004. J Appl Crystallogr 37:1025–1028
Rius J, Frontera C (2007) Application of the constrained S-FFT direct-phasing method to powder diffraction data XIII. J Appl Crystallogr 40:1035–1038
Gilmore C, Dong W, Bricogne G (1999) A multisolution method of phase determination by combined maximization of entropy and likelihood. VI. The use of error-correcting codes as a source of phase permutation and their application to the phase problem in powder, electron and macromolecular crystallography. Acta Crystallogr A55:70–83
Rius J (2011) Patterson-function direct methods for structure determination of organic compounds from powder diffraction data XVI. Acta Crystallogr A67:63–67
Favre-Nicolin V, Cerny R (2004) A better FOX: using flexible modelling and maximum likelihood to improve direct-space ab initio structure determination from powder diffraction. Z Kristallogr 219:847–856
David WIF, Shankland K, van de Streek J, Pidcock E, Motherwell WDS, Cole JC (2006) DASH: a program for crystal structure determination from powder diffraction data. J Appl Crystallogr 39:910–915
Grosse-Kunstleve RW, McCusker LB, Baerlocher C (1997) Powder diffraction data and crystal chemical information combined in an automated structure determination procedure for zeolites. J Appl Crystallogr 30:985–995
Altomare A, Caliandro R, Cuocci C, Giacovazzo C, Moliterni AGG, Rizzi R, Platteau C (2008) Direct methods and simulated annealing: a hybrid approach for powder diffraction data. J Appl Crystallogr 41:56–61
Oszlányi G, Sütő A (2004) Ab initio structure solution by charge flipping. Acta Crystallogr A60:134–141
(a) Wu J, Leinenweber K, Spence JCH, O’Keeffe M (2006) Ab initio phasing of X-ray powder diffraction patterns by charge flipping. Nat Mater 5:647–652. (b) Baerlocher Ch, McCusker LB, Palatinus L (2007) Charge flipping combined with histogram matching to solve complex crystal structures from powder diffraction data. Z Kristallogr 222:47–53
Palatinus L, Chapuis G (2007) SUPERFLIP – a computer program for the solution of crystal structures by charge flipping in arbitrary dimensions. J Appl Crystallogr 40:786–790
Zhang KYJ, Main P (1990) Histogram matching as a new density modification technique for phase refinement and extension of protein molecules. Acta Crystallogr A46:41–46
Coelho AA (2007) A charge-flipping algorithm incorporating the tangent formula for solving difficult structures. Acta Crystallogr A63:400–406
(a) Stephens P (2013) Rietveld refinement. In: Kolb U, Shankland K, Meshi L, Avilov A, David WIF (eds) Uniting electron crystallography and powder diffraction, NATO science for peace and security series B: physics and biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 15–26
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
McCusker, L.B., Baerlocher, C. (2012). Structure Solution – An Overview. In: Kolb, U., Shankland, K., Meshi, L., Avilov, A., David, W. (eds) Uniting Electron Crystallography and Powder Diffraction. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5580-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5580-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5579-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5580-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)