Abstract
Starting about a hundred years ago we review some of the most exciting astrophysics science developments in Stars, Galaxies, Dark Matter, and Particle Acceleration, (i) the discovery of Gamma-ray Bursts, probably the explosion of a special subclass of very massive stars that then produce a black hole; (ii) the class of supernova explosions, called type Ia, that allows to measure the accelerated expansion of the universe via the detection of these supernovae in distant galaxies, so the dark energy; (iii) the detection of dark matter in small old galaxies, leading to a very simple argument on what dark matter may be; and (iv) the discovery of the activity and thermodynamics of black holes, at stellar scale and at the super-massive scale, all across the universe; (v) the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, probably arising from some black hole activity events in other galaxies, such as a Gamma-ray Burst or an Active Galactic Nucleus. The standard model of the universe now accounts for a marginally closed universe in accelerated expansion due to dark energy. Of this universe we really understand only less than one percent, what we are missing in comprehension is most of normal matter, all of dark matter, black holes, all of dark energy, and extremely energetic particles.
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Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank his many collaborators, friends and partners for intense discussions over many years, among them F. Aharonian, J.K. Becker, V. Berezinsky, G. Bisnovatyi-Kogan, H. Blümer, S. Britzen, L. Caramete, S. Casanova, J. Cassinelli, L. Clavelli, A. Donea, R. Engel, T. Enßlin, J. Everett, H. Falcke, T.K. Gaisser, L.A. Gergely, G. Gilmore, Gopal-Krishna, F. Halzen, B. Harms, A. Haungs, N. Ikhsanov, G.P. Isar, S. Jiraskova, R. Jokipii, K.-H. Kampert, H. Kang, A. Kogut, P.P. Kronberg, A. Kusenko, N. Langer, R. Lovelace, K. Mannheim, I. Mariş, S. Markoff, G. Medina-Tanco, A. Meli, S. Moiseenko, F. Munyaneza, B. Nath, A. Obermeier, K. Otmianowska-Mazur, R. Protheroe, G. Pugliese, J. Rachen, W. Rhode, M. Romanova, D. Ryu, N. Sanchez, M.M. Shapiro, V. de Souza, E.-S. Seo, R. Sina, Ch. Spiering, T. Stanev, J. Stasielak, P.A. Strittmatter, R.G. Strom, H. de Vega, H.-J. Völk, Y.-P. Wang, T. Weiler, P. Wiita, A. Witzel, Ch. Zier, et multae aliae et multi alii.
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Biermann, P.L. (2012). Evolution of Astrophysics: Stars, Galaxies, Dark Matter, and Particle Acceleration. In: Falkenburg, B., Rhode, W. (eds) From Ultra Rays to Astroparticles. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5422-5_4
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