Abstract
Chlorides per se are not generally thought of as being damaging to concrete. However, chlorides can alter the products of cement hydration, and also cause other forms of concrete deterioration. For these reasons, this chapter is included here.
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3_17
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3_17
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
AASHTO T 259-80: Standard method of test for resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1980)
AASHTO T 277-86: Rapid determination of the chloride permeability of concrete. American Association of States Highway and Transportation Officials, standard specifications – Part II tests, Washington, DC (1990)
Alexander, M.G., Ballim, Y., Mackechnie, J.R.: Concrete durability index testing manual, Research Monograph 4, University of Cape Town (1999)
Andrade, C., Alonso, C., Arteaga, A., Tanner, P.: Methodology based on the electrical resistivity for the calculation of reinforcement service life. In: Nalhotra, V.M. (ed.) Proceedings of the 5th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, pp. 899–915. Barcelona (2000)
ASTM C 1202-07: Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. ASTM annual books of standards, ASTM International, Philadelphia (2008)
ASTM C 1556-03: Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixtures by bulk diffusion. ASTM annual books of standards, ASTM International, Philadelphia (2008)
Bentur, A., Diamond, S., Berke, N.S.: Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. E&FN Spon, London (1997)
Castellote, M., Andrade, C.: Round-robin test on methods for determining chloride transport parameters in concrete. Mater. Struct. 39(10), 955–990 (2006)
Castellote, M., Andrade, C., Alonso, C.: Measurement of the steady and non-steady-state chloride diffusion coefficients in a migration test by means of monitoring the conductivity in the anolyte chamber. Comparison with natural diffusion tests. Cem. Concr. Res. 31(10), 1411–1420 (2001a)
Castellote, M., Andrade, C., Alonso, C.: Modelling of the processes during steady-state migration tests: quantification if transference numbers. Mater. Struct. 32(3), 180–186 (2001b)
Castellote, M., Andrade, C., Alonso, C.: Accelerated simultaneous determination of the chloride depassivation threshold and of the non-stationary diffusion coefficient values. Corros. Sci. 44(11), 2409–2424 (2002)
Feldman, R.F., Luiz, R., Prudencio Jr., U., Chan, G.: Rapid chloride permeability test on blended cement and other concretes: correlations between charge, initial current and conductivity. Constr. Build. Mater. 13(3), 149–154 (1999)
Freeze, R.A., Cherry, J.A.: Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (1979)
Friedmann, H., Amiri, O., Aït-Mokhtar, A., Dumargue, P.: A direct method for determining chloride diffusion coefficient by using migration test. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(11), 1967–1973 (2004)
Halamickova, P., Detwiler, R.J., Bentz, D.P., Garboczi, E.J.: Water permeability and chloride ion diffusion in portland cement mortars: relationship to sand content and critical pore diameter. Cem. Concr. Res. 25(4), 790–802 (1995)
Julio-Betancourt, G.A., Hooton, R.D.: Study of the Joule effect on rapid chloride permeability values and evaluation of related electrical properties of concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(6), 1007–1015 (2004)
Lu, X.: Rapid determination of the chloride diffusivity in concrete. In: Gjørv, O.E., Sakai, K., Banthia, N. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions, Tromsø, pp. 1963–1969, (1998)
Mackechnie, J.R.: Predictions of reinforced concrete durability in the marine environment. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town (1996)
McCarter, W.J., Chrisp, T.M., Starrs, G., Blewett, J.: Characterization and monitoring of cement-based systems using intrinsic electrical property measurements. Cem. Concr. Res. 33(2), 197–206 (2003)
McGrath, P., Hooton, R.D.: Re-evaluation of the AASHTO T259 90-day salt ponding test. Cem. Concr. Res. 29(8), 1239–1248 (1999)
NORDTEST NT BUILD 355: Chloride diffusion coefficient from migration cell experiments, Finland (1995)
NORDTEST NT BUILD 443: Accelerated chloride penetration, Finland (1997)
NORDTEST NT BUILD 492: Chloride migration coefficient from non-steady-state migration experiments, Finland (1995)
Page, C.L., Short, N.R., El-Tarras, A.: Diffusion of chloride ions in hardened cement pastes. Cem. Concr. Res. 11(3), 395–406 (1981)
Poulsen, E., Mejlbro, L.: Diffusion of Chloride in Concrete. Taylor & Francis, London (2006)
Samson, E., Marchand, J., Snyder, K.A.: Calculation of ionic diffusion coefficients on the basis of migration test results. Mater. Struct. 36(257), 156–165 (2003)
Shi, C., Stegemann, J.A., Caldwell, R.: Effect of supplementary cementing materials on the rapid chloride permeability test (AASHTO T 277 and ASTM C1202) results. ACI Mater. J. 95(4), 389–394 (1998)
Shi, M., Chen, Z., Sun, J.: Determination of chloride diffusivity in concrete by AC impedance spectroscopy. Cem. Concr. Res. 29(7), 1111–1115 (1999)
Shi, C., Yuan, Q., Deng, D., Zheng, K.: Test methods for the transport of chloride ion in concrete. J. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 35(4), 522–530 (2007) (in Chinese)
Stanish, K.D., Hooton, R.D., Thomas, M.D.A.: Testing the chloride penetration resistance of concrete: a literature review. FHWA Contract DTFH61-97-R-00022, University of Toronto, Toronto, 31 p. (2000)
Streicher, P.E., Alexander, M.G.: A chloride conduction test for concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 25(6), 1284–1294 (1995)
Tang, L.: Chloride transport in concrete – measurement and prediction. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Building Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (1996)
Tang, L., Nilsson, L.: Rapid determination of the chloride diffusivity in concrete by applying an electrical field. ACI Mater. J. 89(1), 49–53 (1992)
Truc, O., Ollivier, J.P., Carcassès, M.: A new way for determining the chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete from steady state migration test. Cem. Concr. Res. 30(2), 217–226 (2000)
UNE 83987: Durabilidad del hormigón, Métodos de ensayo, Determinación de los coeficientes de difusión de los iones cloruro en el hormigón endurecido, Método multirrégimen. Concrete durability, test methods, measurement of chloride diffusion coefficient in hardened concrete, multiregime method (2009)
Verbeck, G.J.: Mechanisms of corrosion of steel in concrete. In: Corrosion of Metals in Concrete, vol. SP-49, pp. 21–38. ACI Publication, Detroit (1975)
Yuan, Q.: Fundamental studies on test methods for the transport of chloride ions in cementitious materials, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University; School of civil engineering and architecture, Central South University (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 RILEM
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yuan, Q., Santhanam, M. (2013). Test Methods for Chloride Transport in Concrete. In: Alexander, M., Bertron, A., De Belie, N. (eds) Performance of Cement-Based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments. RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5412-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5413-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)