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Land Use and Land Management Effects on Nitrous Oxide Fluxes

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Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation

Abstract

The terrestrial ecosystems are the major source of N2O contributing about 65% of global emissions. Agricultural activities are the most important anthropogenic N2O emissions, accounting for 60–80% of the anthropogenic N2O sources, mostly as N inputs to agricultural soils. Estimates of N2O emissions from various agricultural systems vary widely due to variations in climatic and environmental factors, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, soil texture, soil drainage, abundance of NO3-N, soil pH, management practices, and crop type. Under managed pasture soils, N2O is mainly generated from mineral N originating from urine, dung, and biologically fixed N. Fluxes of N2O from grazed pastures are also highly variable due to patchiness of animal excreta. In grassland ecosystems, significant N2O emissions could occur from the accumulation of mainly nitrate-N following mineralization of organic N from legume-based pastures. Tropical savannas contribute N2O emissions from grazing animals and frequent fires. Unfertilized forestry systems may emit less but the fertilized plantations emit more N2O than the extensive grazed pastures. Overall, there is a need to examine the emission factors used for estimating N2O emissions. The ratio of N2O:N2 production depends on oxygen supply or water-filled pore space, decomposable organic carbon, N substrate supply, temperature, and pH and salinity. N2O production from soil is sporadic both in time and space, and therefore, it is a challenge to scale up the measurements of N2O emission from a given location and time to regional and national levels.

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Abbreviations

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

EF:

Emission factors

IFA:

International Fertilizer Industry Association

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

CT:

Conventional tillage

NT:

No tillage

BNF:

Biological nitrogen fixation

SON:

Soil organic nitrogen

OC:

Organic carbon

WFPS:

Water-filled pore spaces

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  1. Illinois State Geological Survey Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA

    David Ussiri

  2. Carbon Management and Sequestration Center School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Rattan Lal

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Ussiri, D., Lal, R. (2013). Land Use and Land Management Effects on Nitrous Oxide Fluxes. In: Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5364-8_6

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