Abstract
There is a new line of thinking in development and growth theory demonstrating that sustainable development requires non-declining per capita wealth (Hamilton K, Clemmens M. World Bank Econ Rev 13(2):336–356, 1999; Lange G-M. Environ Res Econ 29:257–283, 2004; Lange G-M. Introducing environmental sustainability into the Uganda system of national accounts. Draft Final Report, ENR Sector Working Group, 2005; World Bank. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2006). In this conceptualization, wealth is defined in a very broad sense to include produced, natural and human (including social) capital. The challenge posed by this approach to growth and development is for economies to manage their asset portfolios so as to realize the objectives of sustainability (non-declining per capita wealth). This requires economies to have the ability to monitor total per capita wealth and analyse changes in this indicator (e.g. see Lange G-M. Environ Res Econ 29:257–283, 2004). It is well known that the current System of National Accounts (SNA) does not adequately represent natural (and human) capital stocks, and the consequences of this omission (neglect) have been well documented (e.g. see Hamilton K, Clemmens M. World Bank Econ Rev 13(2):336–356, 1999; Lange G-M. Environ Res Econ 29:257–283, 2004; Lange G-M. Introducing environmental sustainability into the Uganda system of national accounts. Draft Final Report, ENR Sector Working Group, 2005; World Bank. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2006). However, there presently exists a standardized framework (and methodologies) for constructing environmental accounts, called the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts, or SEEA (United Nations, Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and World Bank (2003) Handbook for integrated environmental and economic accounting. United Nations, New York), which extends the asset boundary of the SNA to include all natural resources, recording asset values, depletion and improvements in the stock of natural capital (Lange G-M. Environ Res Econ 29:257–283, 2004). The results from implementing the SEEA could potentially be used to better represent natural assets in the SNA.
This work was implemented as part of the Tanzania Natural Resource Accounting in Eastern and Southern Africa (NRAESA) project, funded by research support from SIDA (Sweden) to CEEPA (Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria).
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- 1.
Tanzania is the third largest producer of gold in Africa after South Africa and Ghana.
- 2.
http://www.tanzania.go.tz/ (Accessed 5 April 2011).
- 3.
Traditional export commodities: coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, tobacco, cashew nuts and cloves.
- 4.
Non-traditional export commodities: petroleum products, minerals, manufactured goods and others.
- 5.
For example: http://www.tanzaniagold.com/ (Accessed 22 January 2009).
- 6.
http://kurayangu.com/ipp/guardian/2008/09/10/122288.htmlb (Accessed 22 January 2009).
- 7.
http://www.tanzaniteone.com/ (Accessed 22 January 2009).
- 8.
For example, see http://www.tanzaniteone.com/ (Accessed 22 January 2009).
- 9.
Graphtan Limited is a graphite mining company; graphite is a by-product of tanzanite.
- 10.
This is not a criticism but a reflection of the fact that USGS collects data for its own purposes and not for constructing natural resource accounts. The NRA compiler has to use the available data and package it in a form consistent with the NRA reporting framework.
- 11.
http://www.tanzania.go.tz/energy.htm (Accessed 27 January 2009).
- 12.
Inasmuch as this might be true, this does not explain why a firm would invest in diamond mining without knowledge of the size of reserves.
- 13.
- 14.
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Mungatana, E. (2013). Accounting for Mineral Resources in Tanzania: Data Challenges and Implications for Resource Management Policy. In: Hassan, R., Mungatana, E. (eds) Implementing Environmental Accounts. Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5323-5_3
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