Skip to main content

Recovery: A Complete Mental Health Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Distinct views of the recovery experience prevail in the literature, including divergent opinions about how to define and measure recovery outcomes. This chapter proposes that the study, and the process, of recovery can be augmented by adopting the model of mental health as a complete state. Based on this model, recovery is viewed as flourishing in life in spite of having a mental illness and relies on two complementary experiences, the restoration from mental illness and the optimization of positive mental health. Six pathways to complete mental health in recovery are proposed, which result from the combination of mental illness and positive mental health outcomes. Directions for future research are suggested, including a better understanding of the potential role of flourishing in reducing the person’s vulnerability to mental illness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, J. R., & Drake, R. E. (2006). Shared decision-making and evidence-based practice. Community Mental Health Journal, 42(1), 87–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C., Carpenter, W. T., Kane, J. M., Lasser, R. A., Marder, S. R., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005). Remission of schizophrenia: Proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 441–449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, W. A. (2000). A recovery-oriented service system: Setting some system level standards. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24(2), 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, W. A., Cohen, M., Farkas, M., & Gagne, C. (2002). Psychiatric rehabilitation (2nd ed.). Boston: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, W. A., Rogers, E. S., & Farkas, M. (2003). Research on evidence-based practices: Future directions in an era of recovery. Community Mental Health Journal, 39(2), 101–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress, and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, M. (2009). Addressing the determinants of positive mental health: Concepts, evidence and practice. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 11(3), 4–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2005). A working life for people with severe mental illness. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W., & Kandirikirira, N. (2007). Recovering mental health in Scotland. Report on narrative investigation of mental health recovery. Glasgow: Scottish Recovery Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese, J. D., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Beyond dementia praecox: Findings from long-term follow-up studies of schizophrenia. In R. Ralph & P. W. Corrigan (Eds.), Recovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness (pp. 63–84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cather, C., Penn, D. L., Otto, M. W., Yovel, I., Mueser, K. T., & Goff, D. C. (2005). A pilot study of functional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (fCBT) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 74(2–3), 201–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, M. E. (2000). Wellness recovery action plan. West Dummerston: Peach Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W., & Gelb, B. (2006). Three programs that use mass approaches to challenge the stigma of mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57, 393–398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W., Salzer, M., Ralph, R., Sangster, Y., & Keck, L. (2004). Examining the factor structure of the recovery assessment scale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 1034–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., Heyrman, M. L., Warpinski, A., Gracia, G., Slopen, N., & Hall, L. L. (2005). Structural stigma in state legislation. Psychiatric Services, 56, 557–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W., Mueser, K. T., Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Solomon, P. (2008). Principles and practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: An empirical approach. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., & Strauss, J. S. (1992). Sense of self in recovery from severe mental illness. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65(2), 131–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., Haglund, K. E., Stayner, D. A., Rakfeldt, J., Chinman, M. J., & Tebes, J. K. (2003). “It was just realizing … that life isn’t one big horror”: A qualitative study of supported socialization. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24(3), 275–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., Shahar, G., Stayner, D. A., Chinman, M. J., Rakfeldt, J., & Kraemer Tebes, J. (2004). Supported socialization for people with psychiatric disabilities: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(4), 453–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., Shahar, G., Staeheli Lawless, M., Sells, D., & Tondora, J. (2006). Play, pleasure, and other positive life events: “Non-specific” factors in recovery from mental illness. Psychiatry, 69(2), 151–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., Tondora, J., & Ridgway, P. (2010). Life is not an “outcome”: Reflections on recovery as an outcome and as a process. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 13(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deegan, P. E. (1996). Recovery as journey of heart. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19(3), 91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Della Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2004). Bringing subjectively into focus: Optimal experiences, life themes, and person-centered rehabilitation. In P. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 581–597). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E. (2005). How evidence-based practices contribute to community integration: A commentary on Bond et al., Community Ment Health J. 2004 Dec; 40 (6):569–588. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 87–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., Merrens, M. R., & Lynde, D. W. (2005). Evidence-based mental health practice: A textbook. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., Wilkniss, S. M., Frounfelker, R. L., Whitley, R., Zipple, A. M., McHugo, G. J., & Bond, G. R. (2009). The Thresholds-Darmouth partnership and research on shared decision making. Psychiatric Services, 60(2), 142–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fakhoury, W. K. H., Murray, A., Shepherd, G., & Priebe, S. (2002). Research in supported housing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37, 301–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava, G. A., & Ruini, C. (2003). Development and characteristics of a well-being enhancing psychotherapeutic strategy: Well-being therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(1), 45–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Stress, positive emotion, and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(4), 115–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frese, F., Knight, E., & Saks, E. (2009). Recovery from schizophrenia: With views of psychiatrists, psychologists, and others diagnosed with this disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 370–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, S., Cohen, A. N., Dixon, L. B., & Noosha, N. (2006). The potential impact of the recovery movement on family interventions for schizophrenia: Opportunities and obstacles. Schizo-phrenia Bulletin, 32(3), 451–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. D., & Bellack, A. S. (2009). Toward a terminology for functional recovery in schizophrenia: Is functional remission a viable concept? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(3), 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2008). Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on post-traumatic stress. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2005a). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539–548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2005b). The subjective well-being of America’s youth: Toward a comprehensive assessment. Adolescent and Family Health, 4(1), 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2006a). Mental health in adolescence: Is America’s youth flourishing? The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(3), 395–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2006b). Subjective well-being in mental health and human development research worldwide: An introduction. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing. American Psychologist, 62(2), 95–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2009a). Brief description of the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). Retrieved on-line November 22, 2009, from http://www.sociology.emory.edu/ckeyes/

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2009b). The nature and importance of positive mental health in America’s adolescents. In R. Gilman, E. S. Huebner, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in schools (pp. 9–23). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lally, S. J. (1989). Does being in here mean there is something wrong with me? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(2), 253–265.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R. P., & Kopelowicz, A. (2005). Recovery from schizophrenia: A criterion-based definition. In R. O. Ralph & P. W. Corrigan (Eds.), Recovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness (pp. 101–129). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, J. A., Drake, R. E., Sederer, L. I., Belger, A., Keefe, R., Perkins, D., & Stroup, S. (2008). Science and recovery in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 59(5), 487–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lysaker, P. H., Buck, K. D., Hammound, K., Taylor, A. C., & Roe, D. (2006). Associations of symptom remission, psychosocial function and hope with qualities of self-experience in schizophrenia: Comparisons of objective and subjective indicators of recovery. Schizophrenia Research, 82, 241–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lysaker, P. H., Roe, D., & Buck, K. D. (2010). Recovery and wellness amidst schizophrenia: Definitions, evidence, and the implications for clinical practice. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 16(1), 36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, S., Hilton, D., & Curtis, L. (2001). Peer support: A theoretical perspective. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25(2), 134–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowbray, C. T., Megivern, D., & Holter, M. C. (2003). Supported education programming for adults with psychiatric disabilities: Results from a national survey. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(2), 159–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, K. T., Meyer, P. S., Penn, D. L., Clancy, R., Clancy, D. M., & Salyers, M. P. (2006). The illness management and recovery program: Rationale, development, and preliminary findings. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(1 Suppl), S32–S43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noordsy, D. L., Torrey, W., Mueser, K. T., Mead, S., O’Keefe, C., & Fox, L. (2002). Recovery from severe mental illness: An intrapersonal and functional outcome definition. International Review of Psychiatry, 14(4), 318–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). The capabilities approach. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Oades, L. (2008). Helping people with mental illness flourish through self-development program. Retrieved on line November 22, 2009, from http://media.uow.edu.au/releases/UOW042499.html

  • Onken, S. J., Craig, C. M., Ridgway, P., Ralph, R., & Cook, J. A. (2007). An analysis of the definitions and elements of recovery: A review of the literature. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31(1), 9–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettie, D., & Triolo, A. M. (1999). Illness as evolution: The search for identity and meaning in the recovery process. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(3), 255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provencher, H. L. (2002). L’expérience du rétablissement: perspectives théoriques. Santé Mentale au Québec, 27(1), 35–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provencher, H. L. (2007). Role of psychological factors in studying recovery from a transactional stress-coping approach: Implications for mental health nursing practices. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 16(3), 188–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provencher, H. L., Gregg, R., Mead, S., & Mueser, K. T. (2002). The role of work in the recovery of persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26(2), 130–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, C. A., & Goscha, R. (2006). The strengths model: Case management with people with psychiatric disabilities (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, S. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2006). Recovery and positive psychology: Parallel themes and potential synergies. Psychiatric Services, 57(1), 120–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, P. (2001). ReStorying psychiatric disability: Learning from first person narratives. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24(4), 343–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, D., Rudnick, A., & Gill, K. J. (2007). The concept of “being in recovery”. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 30(3), 171–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russinova, Z. (1999). Providers’ hope-inspiring competence as a factor optimizing psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes. Journal of Rehabilitation, 65(4), 50–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russinova, Z., & Cash, D. (2007). Personal perspectives about the meaning of religion and spirituality among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 30(4), 271–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In S. Fishe (Ed.), Annual review of psychopathology (pp. 141–166). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 14–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 30–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salyers, M. P., Godfrey, J. L., McGuire, A. B., Gearhart, T., Rollins, A. L., & Boyle, C. (2009). Implementing the illness management and recovery program for consumers with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 60(4), 183–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayce, L. (2000). From psychiatric patient to citizen: Overcoming discrimination and social exclusion. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, S., & Bellack, A. S. (2008). A scientific agenda for the concept of recovery as it applies to schizophrenia. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1108–1124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, M., Amering, M., & Oades, L. (2008). Recovery: An international perspective. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 17(2), 128–137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spaniol, L., & Koehler, M. (1994). The experience of recovery. Boston: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaniol, L., Wewiorski, N. J., Gagne, C., & Anthony, W. A. (2002). The process of recovery from schizophrenia. International Review of Psychiatry, 14(4), 327–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torgalsboen, A. K. (2005). What is recovery from schizophrenia? In L. Davidson, C. Harding, & L. Spaniol (Eds.), Recovery from severe mental illnesses: Research evidence and implications for practice (Vol. 1, pp. 302–315). Boston: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware, N. C., Hopper, K., Tugenberg, T., Dickey, B., & Fisher, D. (2007). Connectedness and citizenship: Redefining social integration. Psychiatric Services, 58(4), 469–474.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1948). World Health Organization constitution Basic documents. Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunderink, L., Sytema, S., Nienhuis, F. J., & Wiersma, D. (2009). Clinical recovery in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 362–369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zubrick, S., & Kovess-Masfety, V. (2005). Indicators of mental health. In H. Herman, S. Saxena & R. Moodie (Eds.), Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and University of Melbourne. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helene L. Provencher Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Provencher, H.L., Keyes, C.L.M. (2013). Recovery: A Complete Mental Health Perspective. In: Keyes, C. (eds) Mental Well-Being. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5195-8_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics