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Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality pp 85–98Cite as

Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples

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Part of the book series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences ((MILS,volume 11))

Abstract

Analyses of cadmium concentrations in biological material are performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), but also electrochemical methods, neutron activation analysis (NAA), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The predominant sample matrices include blood, plasma, serum, and urine, as well as hair, saliva, and tissue of kidney cortex, lung, and liver. While cadmium in blood reveals rather the recent exposure situation, cadmium in urine reflects the body burden and is an indicator for the cumulative long term exposure.

After chronic exposure, cadmium accumulates in the human body and causes kidney diseases, especially lesions of proximal tubular cells. A tubular proteinuria causes an increase in urinary excretion of microproteins. Excretions of retinol binding protein (RBP), β2-microglobulin (β2-M), and α1-microglobulin are validated biomarkers for analyzing cadmium effects. For this purpose, immunological procedures such as ELISA, and radio- and latex-immunoassays are used.

However, proteinuria is not specific to cadmium, but can also occur after exposure to other nephrotoxic agents or due to various kidney diseases. In summary, cadmium in urine and blood are the most specific biomarkers of cadmium exposure. A combination of parameters of exposure (cadmium in blood, cadmium in urine) and parameters of effect (e.g., β2-M, RBP) is required to reveal cadmium-induced nephrological effects.

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Abbreviations

α1-Μ:

α1-microglobulin = protein HC

AAS:

atomic absorption spectrometry

AES:

atomic emission spectroscopy

β2-M:

β2-microglobulin

BPTH:

1,5-bis[phenyl-(2-pyridyl)-methylene]-thiocarbonohyrazide

DPASV:

differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

DPTH:

1,5-bis(di-2-pyridyl)methylene thiocarbohydrazide

EC-THGA:

end-capped transversal heating graphite tubes

ELISA:

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

E-QUAS:

External Quality Assessment Scheme

ET-AAS:

electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

ETV-ICP-MS:

electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

FI-ICP-AES:

flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

GF-AAS:

graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

HMA:

hexamethylene ammonium

HMDC:

hexamethylene dithiocarbamidate

ICP-AES:

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

ICP-MS:

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

ICP-OES:

inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

LA-ICP-MS:

laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

LOD:

limit of detection

M:

molar

MIBK:

methyl isobutyl ketone

NAA:

neutron activation analysis

NAG:

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase

PSA:

potentiometric stripping analysis

QMS:

quadrupole mass spectrometry

RBP:

retinol-binding protein

SF-MS:

sector field mass spectrometry

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

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Acknowledgment

We wish to thank Dr. Thomas Göen and Mrs Piia Lämmlein for their support in preparing this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany

    Katrin Klotz, Wobbeke Weistenhöfer & Hans Drexler

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  1. Katrin Klotz
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  2. Wobbeke Weistenhöfer
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  3. Hans Drexler
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Correspondence to Katrin Klotz .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry, Universität Basel, Spitalstr. 51, Basel, 4056, Basel Stadt, Switzerland

    Astrid Sigel

  2. Inst. Anorganische Chemie, Universität Basel, Spitalstr. 51, Basel, 4056, Switzerland

    Helmut Sigel

  3. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland

    Roland KO Sigel

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Klotz, K., Weistenhöfer, W., Drexler, H. (2013). Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_4

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