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Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality pp 31–62Cite as

Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment

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Part of the book series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences ((MILS,volume 11))

Abstract

Cadmium is at the end of the 4d-transition series, it is relatively mobile and acutely toxic to almost all forms of life. In this review we present a summary of information describing cadmium’s physical and chemical properties, its distribtion in crustal materials, and the processes, both natural and anthropogenic, that contribute to the metal’s mobilization in the biosphere. The relatively high volatility of Cd metal, its large ionic radius, and its chemical speciation in aquatic systems makes Cd particularly susceptible to mobilization by anthropogenic and natural processes. The biogeochemical cycle of Cd is observed to be significantly altered by anthropogenic inputs, especially since the beginning of the industrial revolution drove increases in fossil fuel burning and non-ferrous metal extraction. Estimates of the flux of Cd to the atmosphere, its deposition and processing in soils and freshwater systems are presented. Finally, the basin scale distribution of dissolved Cd in the ocean, the ultimate receptacle of Cd, is interpreted in light of the chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycling of Cd in seawater. Paradoxically, Cd behaves as a nutrient in the ocean and its cycling and fate is intimately tied to uptake by photosynthetic microbes, their death, sinking and remineralization in the ocean interior. Proximate controls on the incorporation of Cd into biomass are discussed to explain the regional specificity of the relationship between dissolved Cd and the algal nutrient phosphate (PO\(^{3-}_{4} \)) in oceanic surface waters and nutriclines. Understanding variability in the Cd/PO\( ^{3-}_{4} \) is of primary interest to paleoceanographers developing a proxy to probe the links between nutrient utilization in oceanic surface waters and atmospheric CO2 levels. An ongoing international survey of trace elements and their isotopes in seawater will undoubtedly increase our understanding of the deposition, biogeochemical cycling and fate of this enigmatic, sometimes toxic, sometimes beneficial heavy metal.

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Abbreviations

ADIOS:

Atmospheric Deposition and Impact on the Open Mediterranean Sea

AMAP:

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program

ASV:

anodic stripping voltammetry

CA:

carbonic anhydrase

Cd-CA:

cadmium containing carbonic anhydrase

[Cd]tot :

total dissolved Cd

CCM:

carbon concentrating mechanism

Cd′:

sum of inorganic cadmium complexes and free Cd ion

Cw/Cc :

water concentration divided by crustal concentration for an element representing a global mobility index

DOC:

dissolved organic carbon

EFC :

crustal enrichment factor

E0 :

standard reduction-oxidation potential in volts

EMEP:

Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Pollutants in Europe

GEOTRACES:

an international program dedicated to studying trace elements and isotopes in the ocean

H2O2-NH4OAc:

hydrogen peroxide and ammonium acetate mixture

HNLC:

high nutrient-low chlorophyll region of the ocean

K \( ^\prime_{cond, Cd^\prime}\) :

conditional stability or equilibrium constant for the binding of an organic ligand to inorganic Cd species

K d :

distribution coefficient

NiCd:

nickel-cadmium battery

pCO2 :

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

pH:

–log{H+}

t:

metric tonne = 1000 kg

Z:

atomic number

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported in part by Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Discovery Grants to JTC and MM.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Jay T. Cullen

  2. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Maria T. Maldonado

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Correspondence to Jay T. Cullen .

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  1. Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry, Universität Basel, Spitalstr. 51, Basel, 4056, Basel Stadt, Switzerland

    Astrid Sigel

  2. Inst. Anorganische Chemie, Universität Basel, Spitalstr. 51, Basel, 4056, Switzerland

    Helmut Sigel

  3. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland

    Roland KO Sigel

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Cullen, J.T., Maldonado, M.T. (2013). Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_2

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