Abstract
This study analyses how the costs and benefits of marine protected areas (MPAs) are being shared under various management arrangements and how governance relates to MPA cost and level of management effectiveness. The results reveal that cost sharing varies with management type and is influenced by economies of scale and marginalized communities significantly contribute through volunteer labour. Better governed MPAs tend to be more cost-effective. The need for equitable sharing of costs and benefits, community incentives and integrated approach to resource management and local development are highlighted. Theoretical, anecdotal and short-term field observations support the benefits of MPA network approach. Understanding of the socio-economic and institutional dynamics coupled with economic analysis will inform the design of cost-effective MPAs.
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Annex A EcoGov Modifications of CCEF-Developed MPA Rating System
Annex A EcoGov Modifications of CCEF-Developed MPA Rating System
Level of MPA management | Criteria/activity satisfied |
|---|---|
Level 1 – MPA is initiated | MPA concept accepted |
Management body membership tentatively determined | |
Preliminary management plan drafted | |
Resolution and/or ordinance drafted | |
Site surveyed using standard methods with baseline assessment complete, preferably conducted in a participatory process | |
Education programme raising awareness about MPA functions and benefits started | |
Level 2 – MPA is established | Community acceptance gained and documented |
Ordinance passed and approved by the Municipal Council | |
Management plan adopted and legitimized by the LGU or PAMB | |
Boundaries delineated | |
Signboards/billboards posted | |
MPA outpost or other structure constructed | |
Management activities started (e.g. patrolling and surveillance) | |
Biophysical monitoring includes local participation | |
IEC activities conducted | |
Budget for year 1 implementation allocated | |
Level 3 – MPA is enforced | Management body active and supported by legal instrument |
MPA billboards, boundary markers/anchor buoys maintained | |
Collaborative patrolling and surveillance conducted by mandated-enforcement group and local community volunteers | |
Regional participatory biophysical monitoring being conducted | |
Level 4 – MPA sustained | MPA management plan and/or ordinance reviewed in a participatory process |
Management body capable to run the MPA independently | |
MPA billboards, boundary markers/anchor buoys maintained | |
Enforcement system fully operational | |
Annual participatory biophysical monitoring and timely feedback of results being implemented for at least 2 years | |
Socio-economic monitoring regularly conducted | |
Management body regularly monitored and evaluated | |
Budget from LGU or from other sources is being allocated and accessed for 2 or more consecutive years | |
Environment-friendly enterprise and/or fees collected as a sustainable financing strategy | |
Illegal and destructive activities stopped inside and within the vicinity of MPA | |
Level 5 – MPA institutionalized | Ordinance passed by the Provincial Council giving MPA stronger political support |
Management plan refined for adaptive management | |
MPA management plan incorporated in LGU development plan | |
Management body capacitated for fund sourcing | |
Expansion strategies or enhancement programmes initiated | |
Effective coordination with appropriate national and local agencies on CRM/MPA policies and with other LGUs achieved | |
Support facilities constructed/added | |
Evaluation of impacts on ecology and socio-economy conducted, completed and feedback mechanisms are in place | |
Performance M&E linked to an incentive system regularly conducted | |
IEC programme on MPAs maintained over the years | |
Advance IEC materials developed and disseminated with assistance from partners and/or private sector grants | |
MPA emphasizes on public education and is being used as a study tour site, residents advocate for MPAs | |
Revenues from enterprise and/or fees sustained and accounted for |
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Toribio, M.Z., Arceo, H.O., Aliño, P. (2013). Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Marine Protected Areas: Implications for Good Coastal Resource Governance. In: Muradian, R., Rival, L. (eds) Governing the Provision of Ecosystem Services. Studies in Ecological Economics, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5176-7_8
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