Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Management Planning for Nature Conservation pp 343–357Cite as

Access, Tourism and Recreation – Definition and Background

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1998 Accesses

Abstract

Access planning is concerned with all the provisions made for people who visit or use a site for any reason other than official, business or management purposes. ‘Tourism’ is included in the chapter heading because this term is used in place of ‘access’ in many countries. People visit protected areas to pursue a wide range of recreational activities. These activities can include everything from a quiet walk or bird watching to quite extreme sports. The provision of access for local visitors and tourism, and opportunities for recreational use, is an important, if not essential, function of most nature reserves and protected areas. For some sites it will be the most important function. Access and tourism undoubtedly offer many opportunities, but there is a cost: all activities can have a direct or indirect impact on wildlife, landscape and people. Wildlife can be displaced, habituation can make populations vulnerable, populations of species that are not attractive to visitors can be forgotten and habitat can be damaged. The values of landscape and wilderness areas can be diminished through excessive or inappropriate use, for example, the proliferation of unsightly trails and camp sites, or simply by the presence of too many people. Integration is essential: the management plan must establish a direct and clear link between the protection of wildlife and the management of people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-based.

References

  • Alexander, M. (1996). A Guide to the Production of Management Plans for Nature Conservation and Protected Areas. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M. (2000b). Guide to the Production of Management Plans for Protected Areas. CMS Partnership, Aberystwyth, Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M. (2000a). A Management Planning Handbook. Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M., Hellawell, T. C., Tillotson, I. and Wheeler, D. (2000). Kidepo Valley National Park Management Plan. Kampala, Uganda, Uganda Wildlife Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, S. W. and Butler, R. W. (1996). Managing ecotourism: an opportunity spectrum approach. Tourist Management, 17(8) UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. W. and Waldbrook, I. A. (1991). A new planning tool: the Tourism Opportunity Spectrum. Journal of Tourism Studies, 1991 2(I), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. and Mount, D. (1998). Site Management Planning. Countryside Commission, Cheltenham, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. N. and Stankey, G. (1979). The recreation opportunity spectrum: a framework for planning, management and research. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PNW-98. Portland, Oregon, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagles, P. F. J., McCool, S. F. and Haynes, C. D. A. (2002). Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eurosite (1992). European Guide for the Preparation of Management Plans. Eurosite, Tilburg, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurosite (1996). Management Plans for Protected and Managed Natural and Semi-natural Areas. Eurosite, Tilburg, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurosite (1999). Toolkit for Management Planning. Eurosite, Tilburg, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, T. A. and Marion, J. L. (2002). The Protected Area Visitor Impact Management (PAVIM) Framework: A Simplified Process for Making Management Decisions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(1). Portland Press Ltd. London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graefe, A., Kuss, F. R. and Vaske, J. J. (1990). Visitor Impact Management: The Planning Framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, R., Nilsen, P. and Payne, R. J. (1998). Visitor Management in Canadian National Parks. Tourism Management, 1988, 9(1), 44–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hof, M., and Lime, D. W. (1997). Visitor Experience and Resource Protection Framework in the National Park System: Rationale, current status, and future direction. In Proceedings–Limits of Acceptable Change and related planning processes: Progress and future direction, comps. McCool, S. F., and D. N. Cole, 29–36. 1997, May 20–22; Missoula, MT. General Technical Report, UT: USDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac, and sketches here and there. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. E., Lime, D. W., Hof, M. and Freimund, W. A. (1995). The Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Process. The George Wright Forum, 12(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, A. (2002). Management Guidelines for IUCN Category V Protected Areas, Protected Landscapes/Seascapes. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • RSPB (1993). RSPB Management Plan Guidance Notes, version 3. Internal publication, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankey, G. H., McCool, S. F. and Stokes, G. L. (1984). Limits of Acceptable Change: A new framework for managing the Bob Marshall Wilderness. Western Wildlands, 10(3), 33–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCC (1983). A Handbook for the Preparation of Management Plans. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCC (1988). Site Management Plans for Nature Conservation, A Working Guide. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsen, P. and Tayler, G. (1998). A Comparative Analysis of Protected Area Planning and Management Frameworks. Pages 49–57 in McCool, S. F. and Cole, D. N. (Compilers), Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Processes: Programs and Future Directions. Proceedings of conference, 1997 May 20–22, Missoula, MN. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-371. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountains Research Station, Ogden, UT, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. B. and Warren, A. (ed.) (1976). A Handbook for the Preparation of Management Plans – Conservation Course Format, Revision 1. University College London, Discussion Papers in Conservation, No. 18. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. B. and Warren, A. (ed.) (1978). A Handbook for the Preparation of Management Plans – Conservation Course Format, Revision 2. University College London, Discussion Papers in Conservation, No. 18. London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CMSC, Great House Barn New Street, Talgarth, Brecon Powys, LD3 0AH, UK

    Mike Alexander

Authors
  1. Mike Alexander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mike Alexander .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alexander, M. (2013). Access, Tourism and Recreation – Definition and Background. In: Management Planning for Nature Conservation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5116-3_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation