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Understanding the Aging Process Using Epidemiologic Approaches

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The Epidemiology of Aging

Abstract

Recent research has identified that aging and disease are not synonymous and that aging can be optimized. This has been demonstrated in animal models with genetic manipulation and caloric restriction that delay aging, morbidity and mortality. In these systems, mortality rate has been the primary marker of aging, but in vivo markers of aging are needed for human studies. Specifically, biomarkers of primary aging are needed as intermediate outcomes to understand the aging process and potential early benefits of preventive interventions. A useful approach for identifying and testing biomarkers of aging in epidemiologic studies includes demonstrating biologic plausibility that the marker describes a basic aging process, demonstrating the potential for translation from bench to bedside and to population, and subsequently assessing associations with important aging outcomes using optimal epidemiologic study designs and in accord with key statistical considerations. Biomarkers that putatively measure aspects of aging include interleukin-6, leukocyte telomere length, advanced glycation end products, insulin-like growth factor-1, dihydroepiandrostenedione sulfate and klotho. With these tools, epidemiologists will help uncover the secrets to living a healthy, long life and be integral to the design, implementation and assessment of interventions to promote healthy aging.

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Abbreviations

25(OH)D:

25-Hydroxy Vitamin D

AGE:

Advanced Glycation End Product

ApoE:

Apolipoprotein E

CALERIE:

Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reduced Intake of Energy

CHARGE:

Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epide­mio­logy

CHS:

Cardiovascular Health Study

CI:

Confidence Interval

CML:

Carboxymethyl-lysine

COPD:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CRP:

C-Reactive Protein

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEAS:

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

DSST:

Digit Symbol Substitution Test

ELISA:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

esRAGE:

endogenous secretory Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product

FGF:

Fibroblast Growth Factor

GH:

Growth Hormone

HDL:

High-Density Lipoprotein

Health ABC:

Health Aging and Body Com­position

HGPS:

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syn­drome

HR:

Hazard Ratio

IGF:

Insulin-like Growth Factor

IGFBP:

Insulin-like Growth Factor Bin­ding Proteins

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

InCHIANTI:

Invecchiari in Chianti Study

LDL:

Low-Density Lipoprotein

LTL:

Leukocyte Telomere Length

OR:

Odds Ratio

PI3K:

Phosphoinositol-3 Kinase

qPCR:

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reac­tion

RAGE:

Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

SBP:

Systolic Blood Pressure

SD:

Standard Deviation

SE:

Standard Error

sRAGE:

soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product

TNF-alpha:

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

XP:

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

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Acknowledgements

Author affiliations: Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Jason L. Sanders, Robert M. Boudreau, Anne B. Newman)

Grants or financial support: JLS is supported by a National Research Service Award from the National Institute on Aging (1F30-AG038093-01). ABN and RMB are supported by grant numbers R01-AG023629 and U01-AG023744 from the National Institutes on Aging

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jason L. Sanders Ph.D. & Robert M. Boudreau Ph.D.

  2. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jason L. Sanders Ph.D.

  3. Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Anne B. Newman M.D., MPH (Chair)

  4. Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Anne B. Newman M.D., MPH (Director)

  5. Medicine and Clinical & Translational Science, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Anne B. Newman M.D., MPH (Professor of Epidemiology)

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    Anne B. Newman

  2. Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto Street, A510 Crabtree 130, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jane A. Cauley

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Sanders, J.L., Boudreau, R.M., Newman, A.B., Newman, A.B., Newman, A.B. (2012). Understanding the Aging Process Using Epidemiologic Approaches. In: Newman, A., Cauley, J. (eds) The Epidemiology of Aging. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5061-6_12

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