Abstract
In this chapter, the basic learning processes introduced in Chap. 4 are translated into training designs for novices and experts under the label of the “Staged Process Control Readiness Training”, which has two stages. Additionally, important issues for training design preparation are pointed out, which are the understanding of the production context, e.g. by document analysis, and the relevance of conducting a cognitive task analysis, e.g. by using the critical decision methods.
Training stage 1 addresses the training objectives of novices and explains the relevant training components, which are a full-scope simulator, the design of instances, experiential learning, component practice, briefing and de-briefing techniques, and outlines the responsibilities of the trainer in this stage 1. Stage 2 addresses the training objectives of expert control room operators and formulates training principles in order to make the most of practice. Deliberate practice is proposed to be provided by means of decision skill training, critical thinking training, stress exposure training and team training methods, which are adapted to the expert control room operator’s training needs. Finally, the responsibility of the trainer in stage 2 is emphasised.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bakken, B. E. (2008). On improving dynamic decision-making: Implications from multiple process cognitive theory. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 25, 493–501.
Baldwin, T. T., & Magjuka, R. J. (1997). Training as an organizational episode: Pretraining influence on trainee motivation. In J. K. Ford, S. W. J. Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, & M. S. Teachout (Eds.), Improving training effectiveness in work organizations (pp. 193–221). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Baldwin, T. T., Ford, J. K., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Transfer of training 1988–2008. An updated review and agenda for future research. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24, 41–70.
Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslynm, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (pp. 35–67). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (2006). Optimizing treatment and instruction: Implications of the new theory of disuse. In L. G. Nilsson & N. Ohta (Eds.), Memory and society. Psychological perspectives (pp. 109–134). Hove: Psychology Press.
Blickensderfer, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (1997). Theoretical bases for team self correction: Fostering shared mental models. In M. M. Beyerlein, D. A. Jackson, & S. T. Beyerlein (Eds.), Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams (pp. 249–79). Greenwich: JAI.
Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Costello, A. M., & Babbitt, B. (2008). Predicting cognitive readiness of deploying military medical teams. In Proceedings of the human factors and Ergonomics Society, 52nd annual meeting (pp. 970–974). Santa Monica: HFES.
Buckley, R., & Caple, J. (1990). The theory and practice of training (Rev. 5th ed., 2007). London: Kogan Page.
Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Bowers, C. (2010). Synthetic learning environments: On developing a science of simulation, games and virtual worlds for training. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Salas (Eds.), Learning, training and development in organizations (pp. 229–262). New York: Routledge.
Carlson, R. A., Khoo, B. H., & Elliott, R. G. (1990). Component practice and exposure to a problem solving context. Human Factors, 32, 267–286.
Chappell, S. L. (1994). Using voluntary incident reports for human factors evaluations. In N. Johnston, N. McDonald, & R. Fuller (Eds.), Aviation psychology in practice (pp. 149–169). Surrey: Ashgate.
Cohen, M. S., & Thompson, B. B. (2001). Training teams to take initiative: Critical thinking in novel situations. Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering, 1, 251–291.
Cohen, M. S., Freeman, J. T., & Wolf, S. (1996). Meta-recognition in time-stressed decision making: Recognizing, critiquing, and correcting. Human Factors, 38, 206–219.
Cohen, M. S., Freeman, J. T., & Thompson, B. (1998/3rd print). critical thinking skills in tactical decision making: A model and a training strategy. In J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds.), Making decisions under stress. Implications for individual and team training (pp. 155–190). Washington, DC: APA.
Cooke, N. J., & Fiore, S. M. (2010). Cognitive science-based principles for the design and delivery of training. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Sales (Eds.), Learning, training, and development in organizations (pp. 169–201). New York: Routledge.
Crandall, B., Klein, G., & Hoffman, R. R. (2006). Working minds. A practitioner’s guide to cognitive task analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dennis, D. R., & Meredith, J. R. (2000). An analysis of process industry production and inventory management systems. Journal of Operations Management, 18, 683–699.
Dosher, B. A. (2003). Working memory. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science (pp. 569–577). London: Nature Publishing Group.
Driskell, J. E., & Johnston, J. H. (1998/2006 reprint). Stress exposure training. In J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds.), Making decisions under stress. Implications for Individual and team training (pp. 191–217). Washington, DC: APA.
Duncan, K. D., & Shepherd, A. (1975). A simulator and training technique for diagnosing plant failures from control panels. Ergonomics, 18, 627–641.
Eccles, D. W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2004). Why an expert team is more than a team of experts: A social-cognitive conceptualization of team coordination and communication in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 542–560.
Elliot, L. T., Dalrymple, M. A., Schiflett, S. G., & Miller, J. (2004). Scaling scenarios: Development and application to C4ISR sustained operations research. In S. G. Schiflett, L. R. Elliot, E. Sales, & M. D. Coovert (Eds.), Scaled worlds: Development, validations and applications (pp. 75–99). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Ellis, S. (2012). Learning from errors: The role of after event reviews. In J. Bauer & C. Harteis (Eds.), Human fallibility. The ambiguity of errors for work and learning (pp. 215–232). Dordrecht: Springer.
Ellis, S., & Davidi, I. (2005). After-event reviews: Drawing lessons from successful and failed experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 857–71.
Entin, E. E., & Serfaty, D. (1999). Adaptive team coordination. Human Factors, 41, 312–325.
Ericsson, K. A. (2006). The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 683–703). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Farr, M. J. (1987). The long-term retention of knowledge and skills. A cognitive and instructional perspective. New York: Springer.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327.
Flin, R., O’Connor, P., & Crichton, M. (2008). Safety at the sharp end. A guide to non-technical skills. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Fiore, S. M., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2001). Group dynamics and shared mental model development. In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations: Person perception and interpersonal judgement in I/O Psychology (pp. 309–336). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Fransoo, J. C., & Rutten, W. G. M. M. (1994). A typology of production control situations in process industries. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 18, 47–57.
Frey, D., & Jonas, E. (2002). Die Theorie der kognizierten Kontrolle. In D. Frey & M. Irle (Hrsg.), Theorien der Sozialpsychologie. Band III, Motivations-, Selbst- und Informationsverarbeitungstheorien (pp. 13–50). Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.
Goldstein, I. L. (1993). Training in organisations. Needs assessment, development and evaluation. Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
Goldstein, I. L., & Ford, J. K. (2002). Training in organisations. Needs assessment, development, and evaluation (4th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
Gonzales, C., Lerch, J. F., & Lebiere, C. (2003). Instance-based learning in dynamic decision making. Cognitive Science, 27, 591–635.
Gopher, D. (2007). Emphasis change as a training protocol for high-demand tasks. In A. Kramer, D. Wiegmann, & A. Kirlik (Eds.), Attention: From theory to practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Greitzer, F. L., Podmore, R., Robinson, M., & Ey, P. (2009). Naturalistic decision making for power system operators. Proceedings of the NDM9, the 9th international conference on naturalistic decision making, London, UK. Also available online: http://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_ndm09_s1paper2.pdf
Hagemann, V. (2011). Trainingsentwicklung für high responsibility teams. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.
Hagemann, V., Kluge, A., & Ritzmann, S. (2011). High responsibility teams – Eine systematische analyse von Teamarbeitskontexten. Psychologie des Alltaghandelns, 4, 22–42.
Hagemann, V., Kluge, A., & Ritzmann, S. (2012). Flexibility under complexity: Work contexts, task profiles and team processes of high responsibility teams. Employee Relations, 34, 322–338.
Hogg, D. N., Folleso, K., Strand-Volden, F., & Torralba, B. (1995). Development of a situation awareness measure to evaluate advanced alarm systems in nuclear power plant control rooms. Ergonomics, 38, 2394–413.
Hollnagel, E. (1998). Cognitive reliability and error analysis method CREAM. Oxford: Elsevier.
Hollnagel, E. (2007). Decision about “What” and decisions about “How”. In M. Cook, J. Noyes, & Y. Masakowski (Eds.), Decision making in complex environments (pp. 3–13). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Hollnagel, E., & Woods, D. D. (2005). Joint cognitive systems. Foundations of cognitive systems engineering. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2003). Training for cooperative work. In M. A. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. G. Smith (Eds.), International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working (pp. 167–184). Chichester: Wiley.
Johnston, J. H., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1996). Training for stress exposure. In J. E. Driskell & E. Salas (Eds.), Stress and human performance (pp. 223–256). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Keinan, G., & Friedland, N. (1996). Training effective performance under stress: Queries, dilemmas, and possible solutions. In J. E. Driskell & E. Salas (Eds.), Stress and human performance (pp. 257–278). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Klein, G. A., Calderwood, R., & MacGregor, D. (1989). Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 19, 462–472.
Klein, G., McCloskey, M., Pliske, R., & Schmitt, J. (1997). Decision skills training. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st annual meeting (pp. 182–185). Santa Barbara: Sage.
Kluge, A., Badura, B., & Rietz, Ch. (2013a). Framing effects of production outcomes, the risk of an accident, control beliefs and their effects on safety-related violations in a production context. Journal of Risk Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2013.788059.
Kluge, A., & Burkolter, D. (2012, May 10). Training for cognitive readiness: Research issues and experimental designs. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making. doi:10.1177/1555343412446483.
Kluge, A., & Burkolter, D. (2013). Training for cognitive readiness: Research issues and experimental designs. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 7, 96–118.
Kluge, A., Burkolter, D., & Frank, B. (2012, October). Being prepared for the infrequent: A comparative study of two refresher training approaches and their effects on temporal and adaptive transfer in a process control task. Proceedings of the human factors and Ergonomics Society 56th annual conference (pp. 2437–2441). Boston.
Kluge, A., Grauel, B., & Burkolter, D. (2013b). Job aids: How does the quality of a procedural aid alone and combined with a decision aid affect motivation and performance in process control? Applied Ergonomics, 44, 285–296.
Kluge, A., & Schüler, K. (2007). Experience management by means of simulator trainings in high reliability organizations – Re-enacting critical incidents and learning from experience – Examples from nuclear power plants and oil refineries. In N. Gronau (Ed.), 4th conference on professional knowledge management – Experiences and vision (pp. 77–84). Berlin: Gito.
Kluge, A., Schüler, K., & Burkolter, D. (2008). Simulatortrainings für Prozesskontrolltätigkeiten am Beispiel von Raffinerien: Psychologische Trainingsprinzipien in der Praxis. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 62(2), 97–109.
Kluwe, R. H. (1997). Acquisition of knowledge in the control of a simulated technical system. Le Travail Humain, 60, 61–85.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning. Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2000). Experiential learning theory: Previous research and new directions. In R. J. Sternberg & L. F. Zhang (Eds.), Perspectives on cognition, learning, and thinking styles (pp. 193–210). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kolodner, J. L. (1983). Towards an understanding of the role of experience in the evolution from novice to expert. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 19, 497–518.
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & DeShon, R. P. (2004). A psychological fidelity approach to simulation-based training: Theory, research and principles. In S. G. Schiflett, L. R. Elliot, E. Salas, & M. D. Coovert (Eds.), Scaled worlds: Development, validation and applications (pp. 75–100). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Mason, S. (1997). Procedural violations – Causes, costs and cures. In F. Redmill & J. Rajan (Eds.), Humans factors in safety – Critical systems (pp. 287–318). London: Butterworth Heinemann.
Merrienboer, J. J. G., Kirschner, P. A., & Kester, L. (2003). Taking the load off a learner’s mind: Instructional design for complex learning. Educational Psychologist, 38, 5–13.
Miettinen, R. (2000). The concept of experiential learning and John Dewey’s theory of reflective thought and action. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 19(1), 54–72.
Moore, B. A., Mason, S. T., & Crow, B. E. (2012). Assessment and management of acute combat stress on the battlefield. In C. H. Kennedy & E. A. Zillmer (Eds.), Military psychology. Clinical and operational applications (pp. 73–92). New York: The Guilford Press.
Morris, N. M., & Rouse, W. B. (1985). The effects of type of knowledge upon human problem solving in a process control task. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-15, 698–707.
Morrison, J. E., & Fletcher, J. D. (2002). Cognitive readiness (No. IDA-P-3735). Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA.
Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., & Wanek, J. E. (1997). Employee development: Issues in construct definition and investigation antecedents. In J. K. Ford, S. W. J. Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, & M. S. Teachout (Eds.), Improving training effectiveness in work organizations (pp. 153–189). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Norman, D. A. (1983). Some observations on mental models. In D. Gentner & A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 7–15). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
O’Hare, D., Wiggins, M., Williams, A., & Wong, W. (1998). Cognitive task analyses for decision centered design and training. Ergonomics, 41, 1698–1718.
Orasanu, J. M., & Backer, P. (1996). Stress and military performance. In J. E. Driskell & E. Salas (Eds.), Stress and human performance (pp. 89–126). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ormerod, T. C., & Shepherd, A. (2004). Using task analysis for information requirements specification: The sub-goal template (SGT) method. In D. Diaper & N. A. Stanton (Eds.), The handbook of task analysis for human-computer interaction (pp. 347–365). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ormerod, T. C., Richardson, J., & Shepherd, A. (1998). Enhancing the usability of a task analysis method: A notation and environment for requirements specification. Ergonomics, 41, 1642–1663.
Paris, C. R., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2000). Teamwork in multi-person systems: A review and analysis. Ergonomics, 43, 1052–1075.
Patrick, J., James, N., & Ahmed, A. (2006a). Human processes of control: Tracing the goals and strategies of control room teams. Ergonomics, 49, 1395–1414.
Patrick, J., James, N., Ahmed, A., & Halliday, P. (2006b). Observational assessment of situation awareness, team differences and training implications. Ergonomics, 49, 393–417.
Pliske, R. M., McCloskey, M. J., & Klein, G. (2001). Decision skills training: Facilitating learning from experience. In E. Salas & G. Klein (Eds.), Linking expertise and naturalistic decision making (pp. 37–53). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Podmore, R., Robinson, M., Sadinsky, M., & Sease, R. (2008, July 20–24). A virtual instructor for simulator training. In Proceedings, IEEE Power & Energy Society annual meeting, Pittsburgh, PA.
Reason, J. (1998). Achieving a safe culture: Theory and practice. Work & Stress, 12(3), 293–306.
Richardson, A. (1967). Mental practice: A review and discussion (Part II). Research Quarterly, 38, 264–273.
Ritzmann, S. (2012). Entwicklung und evaluation von Crew Resource management training for flight attendants. Lengerich: Pabst Verlag.
Ross, K. G., Shafer, J. L., & Klein, G. (2006). Professional judgements and “naturalistic decision making”. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 403–419). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roth, E. M. (2008). Uncovering the requirements of cognitive work. Human Factors, 50, 475–480.
Rouse, W. R. (1982). A mixed-fidelity approach to technical training. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 11, 103–115.
Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1997). Methods, tools, and strategies for team training. In M. Quinones & E. Ehrenstein (Eds.), Training for a rapidly changing workplace: Application of psychological research (pp. 291–322). Washington, DC: APA Press.
Salas, E., Driskell, J. E., & Hughes, S. (1996). Introduction: The study of stress and human performance. In J. E. Driskell & E. Salas (Eds.), Stress and human performance (pp. 1–46). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Salas, E., Wilson, K. A., Priest, H. A., & Guthrie, J. W. (2006). Design, delivery, and evaluation of training. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (pp. 472–512). Hoboken: Wiley.
Schneider, W. (1999). Automaticity. In R. A. Wilson & F. C. Keil (Eds.), The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences (pp. 63–64). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Schraagen, J. M., Chipman, S. F., & Shalin, V. L. (2000). Cognitive task analysis. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sebok, A. (2000). Team performance in process control: Influences of interface design and staffing levels. Ergonomics, 43, 1210–36.
Serfaty, D., Entin. E. E., & Johnston, J. H. (1998/3rd print). Team coordination training. In J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds.), Making decisions under stress. Implications for individual and team training (pp. 221–246). Washington, DC: APA.
Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., & Salas, E. (2008). Guided team self-correction: Impacts on team mental models, processes, and effectiveness. Small Group Research, 39, 303–27.
Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Zeisig, R. L., McPherson, J., & Acton, B. (1998). Team dimensional training: A strategy for guided team self-correction. In J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds.), Decision making under stress: Implications for individual and team training (pp. 271–297). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shuffler, M. L., DiazGranados, D., & Salas, E. (2011). There’sa Science for That Team Development Interventions in Organizations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 365–372.
Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Ohly, S. (2004). Learning at work: Training and development. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 19, 249–289.
Stammers, R. B. (1981). Skill retention and control room tasks. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting (pp. 168–172). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Steadham, S. V. (1980). Learning to select a needs assessment strategy. Training and Development Journal, 30, 56–61.
Sternberg, R. (2009). Cognitive psychology. Belmont: Cengage Learning.
Stoffregen, T. A., Bardy, B. G., Smart, L. J., & Pagulayan, R. J. (2003). On the nature and evaluation of fidelity in virtual environments. In L. J. Hettinger & M. Haas (Eds.), Virtual and adaptive environments: Applications, implications, and human performance issues (pp. 111–128). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sun, R. (2002). Duality of the mind. A bottom-up approach toward cognition. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Sun, R., Merrill, E., & Peterson, T. (2001). From implicit skills to explicit knowledge: A bottom-up model of skill learning. Cognitive Science, 25, 203–244.
Sun, R., Slusarz, P., & Terry, C. (2005). The interaction of the explicit and the implicit in skill learning: A dual-process approach. Psychological Review, 112, 159–192.
Sweller, J. (2006). How the human cognitive system deals with complexity. In J. Elen & R. E. Clark (Eds.), Handling complexity in learning environments. Theory and research (pp. 13–27). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., McNall, L. A., & Salas, E. (2010). Informal learning and development in organizations. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Salas (Eds.), Learning, training, and development in organization (pp. 303–332). New York: Routledge.
Uitdewillingen, S., Waller, M. J., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2010). Team cognition and adaptability in dynamic settings: A review of pertinent work. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 25, 293–353.
van den Bosch, K., & Riemersma, J. B. J. (2004). Reflections on scenario-based training in tactical command. In S. G. Schiflett, L. R. Elliot, E. Salas, & M. D. Coovert (Eds.), Scaled worlds: Development, validation and applications (pp. 1–22). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Vicente, K. J., Mumaw, R. J., & Roth, E. M. (2004). Operator monitoring in a complex dynamic work environment: A qualitative cognitive model based on field observations. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, 5, 359–384.
Von der Heyde, A., Presting, P., Kluge, A., & Badura, B. (2012). Social norms and their impact on safety-related rule violations in process control: Does it make a difference if operators are aware that residents will be injured? In Proceedings of the human factors and Ergonomics Society 56th annual conference, Boston 2012 (pp. 243–247). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Waller, M. J., Gupta, N., & Giambatista, R. C. (2004). Effects of adaptive behaviors and shared mental models on control crew performance. Management Science, 50, 1534–1544.
Wexley, K. N., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Developing and training human resources in organizations (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Wickens, C. D., & Hollands, J. G. (2000). Engineering psychology and human performance (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Wickens, C., Hutchins, S., Carolan, T., & Cumming, J. D. (2012). Attention and cognitive resources load in training strategies. In A. F. Healy & L. E. Bourne Jr. (Eds.), Training cognition. Optimizing efficiency, durability, and generalizability (pp. 67–88). New York: Psychology Press.
Wiegmann, D. A., & Shappell, S. A. (2001). A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Office of Aviation Medicine/FAA. ADA387808. Retrieved December 8, 2012, from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a387808.pdf.
Wildman, J. L., Thayer, A. L., Pavlas, D., Steward, J. E., & Howse, W. R. (2012). Team knowledge research: Emerging trends and critical needs. Human Factors, 54, 84–111.
Xinwen, B., Erping, W., Ying, Z., Dafei, M., & Jing, R. (2006). Developmental characteristics of two types of shared mental models. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 38, 598–606.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kluge, A. (2014). Training Design for Instance-Based Learning – The “Staged Process Control Readiness Training” (SPCRT). In: The Acquisition of Knowledge and Skills for Taskwork and Teamwork to Control Complex Technical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5049-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5049-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5048-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5049-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)