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History and GIS pp 211–239Cite as

Tracking in a New Territory: Re-imaging GIS for History

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Abstract

This chapter argues that it is not the historians’ fault that GIS is not used more often in historical research projects, but rather the unappealing methodology that GIS—both historical and “normal” GIS—offer. However, it is not called for new software, but a new approach to GIS in history. Taking the “clue paradigm” of Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg as point of departure, this chapter looks at GIS as a tool to create alternative scenarios for “tracking” history.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Wizard of Oz (1939) (PAL DVD, Warner Home Video, 2006) ASIN: B00005NMWB, run time: 101 min.

  2. 2.

    Cf. my interview with Le Roy Ladurie in this book.

  3. 3.

    This neologism—gistory—doesn’t seem to have been used much yet, as far as I could make out. The only one using it seems to be a German webportal dedicated to historical geography and GIS: http://www.gistory.de/, accessed 20 Sep 2011.

  4. 4.

    Some of these were a bit redundant (e.g. “art history”, “art history studies” and “history of art”) and reflect a non-uniform naming scheme across UK universities. The query on http://www.ucas.com/ was done 9 May 2008, when the idea for this paper was born.

  5. 5.

    The terms “objective history” or “reconstructionist history” are not really interchangeable, yet are quite often used in concert. “Reconstructionist” history tries to meticulously reconstruct an account of past events by using as many sources as possible, but this doesn’t necessarily reflect that the account thus produced actually represents the “truth” about the past. “Objective” history, on the other hand, doesn’t have to be reconstructionist. Rather, “objective history” tries to establish as many “facts” as possible, but not necessarily by way of reconstruction (although this usually plays a great role in objective history). Quantitative history, for example, often regards itself as “objective”, for its methods and findings are “scientific” and retraceable. Both the “objective” and the “reconstructionist” school of history are not per se synonymous with “positivistic history”, but in practice all three terms can be regarded as different instances of the same methodological system. For more on this, see Iggers (1997) and Munslow (1997).

  6. 6.

    From R.W. Davies’s “Notes toward a Second Edition” of Carr’s “What is History?”; (Carr, 1990, 159). I have noted that there is a profound lost-in-translation issue in many English-language publications. Stephen Davies, for example, translates Ranke’s “Wie es eigentlich gewesen ist” as “to show what actually occurred” (Davies, 2003, 28). This is inaccurate, though. The German word “gewesen” would in most cases translate into the English word “was”, whereas the German equivalent of “occurred” would be “geschehen”. However, the whole sentence could also be translated as “what the essence of it was”, and considering Ranke’s time and work, this would be a much more accurate translation. This is a point Bentley makes and which I—as a native German speaker—can wholeheartedly subscribe to (Bentley, 1999, 39).

  7. 7.

    See Windschuttle (1997) for a refutation of postmodern history.

  8. 8.

    Middell (2008, 106); see also Burke (2009 [2005], 127). See Ginzburg (1999) for a general attempt to find a middle ground between positivistic and postmodern history.

  9. 9.

    See Aucott et al. (2009) or forthcoming publications on the Leverhulme Trust-funded project mentioned earlier in the book.

  10. 10.

    In the GBHGIS, this has been tackled by using a data model that allows for relating places by such relative information, rather than by coordinates. See Southall et al. (2009). See also Baker’s chapter in this book.

  11. 11.

    Sombart (1992, 107). I wholeheartedly agree to this sentiment of Sombart. From my experience, it is exactly this sensual aspect of GIS that makes it so attractive and fruitful for history, especially in teaching and communication. In a GIS course for history students a few years ago, for example, we used the German package “Karten-Explorer” (http://www.bfav.de/kartenexplorer/), a simple software that has only a few features one would expect from a GIS. Yet, the students were quite enthused because it gave them a way of visualising historical data in a map, and they felt they can relate better to that material for they had something familiar (a map) to look at (see the contribution from Mares and Moschek in this book). For the Vision of Britain website, to use another example, we found that the largest userbase are local and family historians, who were interested in the place/area they or their ancestor were from. Again, the sensual angle a GIS offered makes a great difference. People are interested in things they can relate to, and the success of the Vision of Britain website is due to its relatable content (the website has c. 70,000 unique user every month). I certainly don’t dismiss the more abstract approaches to history, as I am no stranger to theory, but gistorians are well advised to keep in mind that this more intuitive approach to history may yield more innovative ideas than staying in the confines of a theory.

  12. 12.

    See the interview with Gunnar Olsson in this volume.

  13. 13.

    Although “cultural” seems to be the buzzword of the day in historical studies lately.

  14. 14.

    See http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/. It should be noted that I worked for this project for a couple of years. See also our paper on the topological data model that was designed for the GBHGIS to allow a potentially infinite number of data sets to places: Aucott et al. (2009).

  15. 15.

    The discussion of micro-history is beyond the scope of this chapter. The reader is referred to Burke (2009 [2005]) or Levi (1991) to learn more about it. At the European Social Science History Conference (ESSHC) 2010 in Ghent, Belgium, I have called for a “Micro-Historical GIS” in my presentation there. This is but yet another facet of my ideas of the epistemology of GIS in history, so I won’t repeat this concept here and rather deal with the general idea. For quantitative history vs. micro-history, see also my interview with Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie in this volume, which outlines that picking one of these two can sometimes be decided by rather mundane reasons.

  16. 16.

    The word “micro” in this context refers to different levels, however. First, it concerns the social level, i.e. the “(wo)man on the street” rather than celebrities. Second, it also refers to the geographical and temporal scope. Where many historical studies do nationwide histories over a long stretch of time, micro-history is often only about a couple of days in a village. This is first and foremost due to—third—the scope of the sources available. Where national histories use government reports, for example, to draw the bigger picture, micro-history started from the circumstance that one can find very interesting historical documents that are very limited in scope. Ginzburg, for example, in The Cheese and the Worms used records from an inquisition trial against a miller from northern Italy to produce an account of Renaissance cosmology. The miller had been tried for his rather weird model of the cosmos. All the information Ginzburg had about the miller were the inquisition records, which did not reveal much about the miller (other than his interrogation), but Ginzburg used this to discuss this trial in the context of wider cosmological debates, among other things, at the time. Micro-history is therefore not supposed to replace “macro”-history but to complement it. See Levi (1991) for more.

  17. 17.

    It should be noted that EDA and data mining are often used interchangeably, while they are historically different strands. The purpose of both, to discover patterns in data, is strikingly similar, though, so for the purpose of this paper, I will treat them as equals.

  18. 18.

    Tukey (1977, 1);Stebbins (2001, 21)

  19. 19.

    Andrienko and Andrienko (2006, 4). This corresponds to the concept of “explorative learning” in pedagogics. See Moschek and Mares in this book for more details.

  20. 20.

    Ginzburg also draws a parallel between Sherlock Holmes, Sigmund Freud and Giovanni Morelli in terms of medicine. As he pointed out, all three were trained physicians (Holmes’s creator Conan Doyle was a physician before becoming a writer). Ginzburg terms their methods “medical semiotics”: “diagnoses […] inaccessible to direct observation” (Ginzburg, 1989, 102).

  21. 21.

    It has become common to refer to the Collected Papers (CP) of Charles Sander Peirce (CSP) by the volume number and the number of the paragraph, i.e. a reference such as “CSP CP 2.229” refers to volume 2, paragraph 229 of the Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. For the Collected Papers used in this paper, see Peirce (1960a) and Peirce (1960b). It should be noted that Peirce himself wrote a paper about the “logic” of historical research, The Logic of Drawing History from Ancient Documents (written in 1901, CSP CP 7.162–255). While his approach can be regarded as innovative at the time of its writing, it does not use the concept of abduction (at least not explicitly). It is therefore not relevant for my paper. Cf. Peirce (1966).

  22. 22.

    In the context of gistory, I think this issue—a lack of “Quellenkritik” (criticism of sources)—stems from the fact that gistorians often use only one source, or one type of source, such as census reports. It shouldn’t be surprising that this defaulting to one kind of source doesn’t hone one’s skill in critically engaging with one’s sources. On the other hand, it is painful to read how some historians try to validate all of their statements by a reference to a source. As Munz (1997, 868) rightfully points out, this enterprise becomes circular; at one point, the historian has to leave the “proofs” behind and start making abductive inferences (i.e. start “guessing”, see above).

  23. 23.

    Cf. Wirth (2007, 69). I am well aware that not all geographers see maps this way, but from my experience, the majority of geographers involved in Historical GIS/Gistory do.

  24. 24.

    Krämer (2007b, 21). What Peirce meant, though, was probably “intuition” rather than “guessing”; as Kaplan (1973, 14) explains the difference: “There is surely a basic difference between intuition and guesswork—between the intuition of the great creative genius or even of the ordinary experienced scientific worker, and the complete novice’s blind, blundering guesswork or mechanical trial and error”.

  25. 25.

    Ferguson regards counterfactuals as a way to defy determinism rather than to elevate it (Ferguson, 1997, 55ff).

  26. 26.

    “In this regard, narrative interpretation is no different from analysis in most other fields in which meaning must be culled from data” (Abbot, 2002, 90).

  27. 27.

    Geodetic surveys have found that the Limes strayed only maximally 1.5 m from an ideal straight line.

  28. 28.

    See Lünen and Moschek (2011) for details and also the contribution of Mares and Moschek in this book. That the Limes is a signpost of Roman mentality was Moschek’s main point in his doctoral dissertation, and from that point of departure, I blended this with a GIS approach.

  29. 29.

    See the interview with Emmauel Le Roy Ladurie in this book and his cooperation with Jacques Bertin.

  30. 30.

    See the interview with Gunnar Olsson in this book.

  31. 31.

    Brick (2002, 100) gives “handyman” or “DIY man” as translation for bricoleur and “tinkering about” and “makeshift repair” for “bricolage”.

  32. 32.

    This is by and large the definition of a “hacker”: the creative use of technology. Hacking, however, also implies a joyous and playful use of technology, something that would not necessarily apply to the bricoleur. I have used the concept of hackers in my doctoral dissertation to explain why some engineers were more successful at developing pressure suits in aviation in the 1930s than others. Cf. Lünen (2010b, 251ff).

  33. 33.

    I am aware that this sentiment puts me in opposition to other gistorians, such as Wachowicz and Owens in this volume; see also (Owens, 2007). But as a free market advocate, I leave it to the reader to decide which argument is more appealing.

  34. 34.

    de Groot (2009, 98). For the concept of “gatekeepers” in the use of GIS, etc, see Mark Palmer’s contribution in this book.

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    Alexander von Lünen

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    Charles Travis

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von Lünen, A. (2013). Tracking in a New Territory: Re-imaging GIS for History. In: von Lünen, A., Travis, C. (eds) History and GIS. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5009-8_14

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