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Production of Dormant Stages and Stress Resistance of Polar Cyanobacteria

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Life on Earth and other Planetary Bodies

Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 24))

Abstract

Cyanobacteria represent the major component of the autotrophic community in many different types of habitats in both the Arctic and Antarctic. Their dominance is attributed mainly because of their high tolerance to the extreme polar environments. Low temperatures and desiccation are the main forms of physical environmental stressors. During freezing-melting and desiccation periods, the cells are exposed to radical dehydration effects which can be quite damaging. Polar cyanobacteria have evolved a diverse range of protective strategies in order to avoid, or tolerate, the various stresses. The most widespread adaptation to environmental stress is dormancy. Dormancy can be subdivided into diapause and quiescence. Diapause (the cyanobacterial akinete) is endogenously controlled: it is connected to external stressors but is not directly induced by them. Akinetes are more resistant to various insults and commonly considered as overwintering stages. However, the majority of cyanobacteria in the polar regions survive winters without the production of akinetes. This suggests that other alternative mechanisms contribute to survival during stressful conditions. Quiescence (the decrease of metabolic activity under exogenous control) is the transformation into a resistant state, with hardly visible morphological differentiation of the cell. It has been suggested that starvation and entrance into the stationary phase can induce changes in the ultrastructure (e.g., thickening of cell walls) and biochemistry (e.g.,sucrose and trehalose accumulation, changes in composition of fatty acids, secretion of extracellular polysaccharides) of the stressed cells. We accept that the stationary-phase and/or starvation-induced cells can represent alternative dormant stages of polar cyanobacteria which do not produce akinetes. This overview summarizes the present knowledge about production of dormant stages and stress resistance of polar cyanobacteria. It is clear that we still have paucity of information on this topic and that further research is necessary.

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Acknowledgements

The study was made possible with the support of grants from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (Kontakt ME 934, and INGO – LA 341).

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  1. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Daria Tashyreva & Josef Elster

  2. Institute of Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Třeboň, Czech Republic

    Josef Elster

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  1. Daria Tashyreva
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Correspondence to Daria Tashyreva .

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  1. Institut für Geophysik, Astrophysik und Meteorologie, Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, Graz, 8010, Austria

    Arnold Hanslmeier

  2. , Physical Geology and Global Cycles, Institute of Applied Geosciences (IAG), Schnittspahnstraße 9, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany

    Stephan Kempe

  3. University of Jerusalem, Mevo Hadas 20, Efrat, 90435, Israel

    Joseph Seckbach

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Tashyreva, D., Elster, J. (2012). Production of Dormant Stages and Stress Resistance of Polar Cyanobacteria. In: Hanslmeier, A., Kempe, S., Seckbach, J. (eds) Life on Earth and other Planetary Bodies. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 24. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4966-5_21

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