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Actors’ Potential to Have an Impact on Change in Forest Aid

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Book cover Development Cooperation Policy in Forestry from an Analytical Perspective

Part of the book series: World Forests ((WFSE,volume 13))

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Abstract

This chapter describes who the influential stakeholders in bilateral forest development cooperation are that hold competencies in policy and programme formulation and financing. It assumes a clear dominancy of governmental actors over policy and intervention level networks, as realistic foreign policy theory prescribes (foreign policy as a domain of states). It theoretically defines strong stakeholders and bases their empiric selection on network analysis and organisational factors. Special emphasis is given to actors’ competency in forest information and know-how transfer. It assumes that an actor’s potential for change (in the direction of the programme) depends on capacities and willingness. Results show what influential stakeholders hold high potential for change (impact potential) and why. Results show that governmental actors of both donor and recipient countries, as well as donors’ consultancies, gain influential positions, but still have a varying impact potential. Focusing on financial flows, quasi-monopoly implementation actors are identified.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Intervention level networks are considered in Chap. 6.

  2. 2.

    Intervention level networks are considered in Chap. 6.

  3. 3.

    Organizational factors.

  4. 4.

    Though the factor of irreplaceability can derive also from other capacities (i.e. in scarcity of technical knowledge providers – as one example in the quantitative questionnaire), the application of network analysis has shown that actors usually perceive and link irreplaceability to legal, customary, societal or other decision-making dependences. This is also because the number of actors relevant for providing forest know-how is comparatively large in the networks so that no one can gain (quasi)-monopoly in know-how supply (equal to irreplaceability).

  5. 5.

    Gotschi (ibid., p. 41) redefines ‘development’ later as ‘describing the process of change of society’, while ‘development cooperation’ ‘is then the reflected interference in these processes of change’ (own translation, italics added). More accurate could be to use ‘should be …’ instead of ‘is’ or not to use ‘reflected’ in the definition.

  6. 6.

    In example: ‘Farmers’ as well as governmental officials’ attitudes on the Imperata grass in Indonesia have to be seen as a part of comprehensive belief structures that do not only base on the plants and the country but also on the relations between the farmers and the state’ (c.p. Dove 1986, cit. in: Lukas 2002, p. 280; own translation, italics added). Reforestation programmes have rather undermined the local and sustainable agricultural production systems than improved, that is, the grass-ladang pasture systems (pp. 280, 300; 310, in Lukas 2002).

  7. 7.

    For the analyses of intervention level networks, see Chap. 6.

  8. 8.

    However, they apply a different approach and understanding of networks and focus on international organisations and global governance regimes. (i.e. unclear separation of networks and institutions).

  9. 9.

    ‘Action depends on the potential of an entity to create change of an already existing situation or process.’/‘it is an underlying characteristic of an action that the actor could have acted also differently, at any point of time, be it in a positive sense of a desired intervention into the process of ‘happenings of the world’ or in a negative sense of a relinquishment’ (after Giddens 1984 and 1979, own translation).

  10. 10.

    That is, political definition of tropical forest deforestation/protection constituting a global problem/interest (c.p. p. 11 in Nygren 2000)

  11. 11.

    In this chapter, ‘the problem’ is defined as/by the changes targeted at in the goals of donors’ program(s) . (i.e. alleviating poverty, reducing deforestation, improving forest planning and management, reducing firewood consumption) The interests and values are therefore restricted to those coinciding with the programme (=definition of willingness).

  12. 12.

    This does not mean that there exists no interrelations between different units in Finland, but merely that there do exist different units (or advisors) within forest sector cooperation.

  13. 13.

    Here, the term ‘agency’ subsumes governmental agencies and governmentally owned companies according to private law.

  14. 14.

    This may have changed very recently, with respect to several restructuring measures enforced on SIDA by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

  15. 15.

    With respect to Austrian consultancies, they have been included, as the group ‘donor’ consultancies gained comparatively high overall influence.

  16. 16.

    Recently, that is, forestry and natural resource tenure advisor/team for agriculture forestry and food security, forestry advisor/policy department for economic opportunities.

  17. 17.

    These budget figures (commitments) very broadly subsume forest and biodiversity. Such figures are not comparable, if only forest or forest-related disbursements shall be compared (c.p. Chap. 2 in this volume; also pp. 2ff in Aurenhammer 2008, on the methodology for comparative analysis of secondary, statistical data).

  18. 18.

    Depending on the implementation in database management, this may lead to further difficulties to determine exact forest or forest-related disbursements. If politically or administratively not properly used, it may also lead to a further erosion of the forest sector as such.

  19. 19.

    At the time of interview, insolvency proceedings were under way.

  20. 20.

    The sign indicates that the institution does not exist anymore.

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  1. Chair of Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Peter K. Aurenhammer

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Aurenhammer, P.K. (2013). Actors’ Potential to Have an Impact on Change in Forest Aid. In: Development Cooperation Policy in Forestry from an Analytical Perspective. World Forests, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4957-3_3

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