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LTR Retroelement-Derived Protein-Coding Genes and Vertebrate Evolution

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Viruses: Essential Agents of Life

Abstract

During evolution, many cellular protein-coding genes have been formed from genes carried by long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements (retroviruses and LTR retrotransposons). This phenomenon, called molecular domestication, has significantly impacted the emergence and diversification of the vertebrate lineage. LTR retroelements have contributed different types of coding regions to the gene repertoire of their host, including gag, envelope, integrase and protease genes. Genes derived from gag and envelope sequences are particularly well represented in vertebrate genomes. Retroelement-derived genes fulfil functions in important ­biological processes, particularly placenta formation and immunity against retro­elements, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Of particular interest is the recurrent molecular domestication of retrovirus envelope genes, which has taken place several times independently in different mammalian sublineages to generate new genes involved in placenta formation. The function of most retroelement-derived genes remains unknown, and additional new genes are still to be identified particularly in “lower” vertebrates.

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Acknowledgements

Our work is supported by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR).

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  1. Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France

    Domitille Chalopin, Marta Tomaszkiewicz, Delphine Galiana & Jean-Nicolas Volff

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    Günther Witzany

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Chalopin, D., Tomaszkiewicz, M., Galiana, D., Volff, JN. (2012). LTR Retroelement-Derived Protein-Coding Genes and Vertebrate Evolution. In: Witzany, G. (eds) Viruses: Essential Agents of Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6_13

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