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Modeling Light-Induced Thrust

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Fast Solar Sailing

Part of the book series: Space Technology Library ((SPTL,volume 30))

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Abstract

Translating the (scalar) solar radiation pressure into a (vector) acceleration field. Models of radiation-pressure thrust acceleration could contain many and more small effects, therefore resulting in a very sophisticated algorithm to be verified in flight. First-generation sailcraft exhibits very low thrust acceleration, and small effects may result non-measurable: after all, they are beyond the mission’s critical aims. On the other side, sailcraft for advanced missions will request the modeling of many relevant effects. Thus, this chapter contains a detailed model of sail thrust acceleration, which takes into account many factors related to the source of light and the sail. To such aim, the physical nature of a real surface and its related mathematical representation are described here, also considering the various methods of surface manufacturing. A special emphasis is put on the fact that sailcraft thrust, stemming from the interaction between solar photons and sail materials, is driven essentially by the diffraction of light. Here, various scalar and vector scattering theories are considered. Global and local sail’s topography is taken into account in the thrust model. An additional section is devoted to an important generalization of the conventional flat-sail model.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The sidereal speed of ds contributes about (1/2)(4.8×10−11) to the \(\tilde {\gamma}\) value.

  2. 2.

    This feature is greatly enhanced when a sail is close to a planet (e.g. the Earth), which perturbs the sailcraft in a complicated manner also because its radiance can be highly time-dependent.

  3. 3.

    Also referred to as back-sputtering or spluttering.

  4. 4.

    We are not considering sails from in-space manufacturing, and this for a number of reasons related to (big) space infrastructures, although one may not exclude such facilities in the long term.

  5. 5.

    Normally, a true membrane is defined as having a bending stiffness exactly zero, whereas membranes exhibiting very low, but finite, bending rigidity are named elastic sheets. However, in this book, because the term sheet is used in a more general context, we use the name membrane for the real thin sheets, i.e. with tiny bending stiffness.

  6. 6.

    This one is not the only modification, proposed and tested, to the original theory of Beckmann-Kirchhoff; for instance, see [84].

  7. 7.

    Very shortly, at incidence angles greater than the critical angle of total internal reflection, transmitted electromagnetic waves describable by wave vectors with an imaginary component are observed. These waves are called evanescent, and are characterized by an exponential damping in the less dense medium. The decay distance is of the order of a wavelength. Important experiments and theoretical consequences stem from evanescent waves. A good short introduction can be found in [45], whereas the topic is dealt with extensively in devoted monographs, e.g. [23].

  8. 8.

    Discussing specific numerical results from Eq. (6.94) is beyond the aim of this chapter. The reader is invited to implement this equation by a CAS in order to visualize how sunlight is diffracted by smooth and medium-smooth surfaces. As an exercise, this can be done easily enough with the BK formulations without determining the area PSD.

  9. 9.

    The algorithm described here may be applied to any sail configuration provided only that the logical regions are orientable, in the sense of the Local Theory of Surfaces.

  10. 10.

    In membrane stress analysis, mechanical engineers are used to calculate the half wavelength denoted by λ.

  11. 11.

    This is like the center of pressure of an aerofoil, which varies on the chord with the angle of attack, in general [3].

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  1. International Academy of Astronautics—Paris, France, Rome, Italy

    Giovanni Vulpetti

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Vulpetti, G. (2013). Modeling Light-Induced Thrust. In: Fast Solar Sailing. Space Technology Library, vol 30. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4777-7_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4777-7_6

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