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Amorphous State

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Introduction to Structural Chemistry

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Abstract

Below certain grain size, estimated from X-ray diffraction or thermodynamic calculations as 1 to 5 nm, a crystal loses its long-range order due to increased fraction of surface atoms with incomplete and distorted coordination. If a sharp freezing or a chemical reaction under shock compression precludes the growth of bigger particles, an amorphous solid (glass) will result. The structural chemistry of melting is discussed in terms of average bond distances and effective coordination numbers. For binary compounds and metals, these usually decrease on melting, but for low-coordinate non-metals tend to increase. The structural science of liquid water and aqueous solutions is briefly reviewed, from the Bernal–Fowler model (1933) to the recent computer simulations and extreme-conditions experiments on dynamic ionization. In diluted solutions of salts, ions replace water molecules and are 4-coordinate, while in concentrated solutions ions coordinate water molecules around them in structures similar to solid hydrates.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Osipyan str. 8, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia

    Prof. Stepan S. Batsanov

  2. Chemistry Department, Durham University, Science Site, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK

    Andrei S. Batsanov Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Prof. Stepan S. Batsanov
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  2. Andrei S. Batsanov Ph.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stepan S. Batsanov .

Appendices

Appendix

7.1.1 Supplementary Tables

Table S7.1 Particle sizes (upper lines, nm) and unit cell volumes per atom or formula unit (in Å3) for macro (V 1) and nano (V 2) crystals
Full size table
Table S7.2 Structures of liquid МХ halides [7.20–7.28]
Full size table
Table S7.3 Structures of the liquid halides, oxides, and chalcogenides of the МnХm type
Full size table
Table S7.4 Bond lengths (Å) of metal halides in aqueous solutions
Full size table

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Batsanov, S., Batsanov, A. (2012). Amorphous State. In: Introduction to Structural Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4771-5_7

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