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Wastewater Production, Treatment and Reuse Around the Mediterranean Region: Current Status and Main Drivers

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Integrated Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region

Abstract

Freshwater is unevenly distributed amongst the countries bordering the Mediterranean (MED) Sea. Accounting for almost 7 % of the global population, the MED region only has just over 2 % of the world’s freshwater resources, with two-thirds of them concentrated within the northern Mediterranean countries. With agriculture being the main user of freshwater, the reuse of treated urban wastewater for agriculture could, at least, relieve current freshwater stress. However, the capabilities of treatment and the motivations for reuse of treated wastewater differ amongst the MED countries. Northern countries, which enjoy better economic status and have relatively less water stress condition, treat up to 90 % of their generated wastewater, but they are the lowest in reusing the treated wastewater in the region. Most southern and eastern MED countries treat lower percentages of wastewater but use significant volume of treated and even untreated (or poorly treated) wastewater for irrigation. There is an imperative need to consider water saving and recycling strategies as population grows and future climate predictions anticipate a significant decrease in available freshwater resources in the MED region. This chapter not only reviews current production, treatment and reuse of wastewater in each MED country but also analyses their main drivers and constrains for reuse.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: (a) long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; (b) knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one third weight); and (c) a decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita (purchasing power parity or PPP US$).

  2. 2.

    The EU-15 refers to the member states before the 2004 enlargement and includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

  3. 3.

    EU-12 refers to member states who acceded to the EU in 2004 and 2007 enlargements and includes Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.

  4. 4.

    P.E. refers to population equivalent, which means the biodegradable load having a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60 g of oxygen per day.

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Acknowledgements

This publication falls within the framework of the project ‘Sustainable water use securing food production in dry areas of the Mediterranean region (Project Acronym: SWUP-MED; Grant Agreement Number: KBBE-2008–212337)’ funded by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme. The financial support for this chapter provided by a fellowship from L’Oreal-UNESCO given to the first author is greatly appreciated. The authors are grateful for the collaboration from the National Statistical Institutes and specifically the Hellenic Statistical Authority for sharing their data and to Darko Kovacevic for translating the statistical data regarding Montenegro and Croatia from Serbian to English.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 5466, Aleppo, Syria

    Maite Guardiola-Claramonte & Manzoor Qadir

  2. United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101, Minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan

    Toshio Sato

  3. Salinity and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, 773, Agadir, Morocco

    Redouane Choukr-Allah

  4. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), 175 Longwood Road South, Hamilton, ON, L8P 0A1, Canada

    Manzoor Qadir

Authors
  1. Maite Guardiola-Claramonte
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  2. Toshio Sato
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  3. Redouane Choukr-Allah
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  4. Manzoor Qadir
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Correspondence to Maite Guardiola-Claramonte .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Salinity and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Inst. of Agronomy & Veterinary Hassan II, Km 3 Route Taroudant, Agadir, BP 773 Aga, Morocco

    Redouane Choukr-Allah

  2. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH, Benson Lane, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

    Ragab Ragab

  3. Inst. of Env. Assess. & Water St. (IDA), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain

    Rafael Rodriguez-Clemente

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Guardiola-Claramonte, M., Sato, T., Choukr-Allah, R., Qadir, M. (2012). Wastewater Production, Treatment and Reuse Around the Mediterranean Region: Current Status and Main Drivers. In: Choukr-Allah, R., Ragab, R., Rodriguez-Clemente, R. (eds) Integrated Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4756-2_9

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