Abstract
This survey describes the advances in affect recognition from the first emotion theories and models to affective computer techniques used in affect detection. These techniques allow the recognition of human body physical features, such as the facial expression, voice intonation, gestures or movements and physiological aspects such as respiration, skin color, temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, pupillary dilation. Emotions can then, be inferred from the referred features analysis performed according to any chosen emotion theory.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Picard RW et al (2004) Affective learning — a manifesto. BT Technol J 22(4):253–269
Kleinginna PR, Kleinginna AM (1981) A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motiv Emot 5(4):345–379
Darwin C (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London
Hess U, Thibault P (2009) Darwin and emotion expression. Am Psychol 64(2):120–128
Ortony A, Turner TJ (1990) What’s basic about basic emotions? Psychol Rev 97(3):315–331
Russell JA, Bachorowski J-A, Fernandez-Dols J-M (2003) Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annu Rev Psychol 54:329–349
Ekman P, Friesen WV, Ellsworth P (1982) Emotion in the human face. In: Ekman P (ed) Emotion in the human face, vol 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, p 464
Manstead A, Tetlock PE (1989) Cognitive appraisals and emotional experience: further evidence. Cognit Emot 3:225–240
Smith CA, Ellsworth PC (1985) Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. J Personal Soc Psychol 48(4):813–838
Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1988) The cognitive structure of emotions, vol 18. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 224
Roseman IJ, Spindel MS, Jose PE (1990) Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: testing a theory of discrete emotions. J Personal Soc Psychol 59(5):899–915
Calvo RA, Mello SD (2010) Affect detection: an interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications. Rev Lit Art Am 1(1):18–37
Wehrle T, Scherer KR (2001) Towards computational modeling of appraisal theories. In: Scherer KR, Schorr A, Johnstone T (eds) Appraisal theories of emotions: theories, methods, research. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 350–365
Chibelushi CC, Bourel F (2002) Facial expression recognition: a brief tutorial overview. School of Computing, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire
Russell JA (2003) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol Rev 110(1):145–172
Turner JH, Stets JE (2006) Sociological theories of human emotions. Annu Rev Sociol 32(1):25–52
Dalgleish T, Dunn B, Mobbs D (2009) Affective neuroscience: past, present, and future. Emot Rev 1(4):355–368
Davidson R (2003) Seven sins in the study of emotion: correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain Cognit 52(1):129–132
Liu Y, Sourina O, Nguyen MK (2010) Real-time EEG-based human emotion recognition and Visualization. In: 2010 international conference on cyberworlds, pp 262–269. doi:10.1109/CW.2010.37
Shen L, Wang M, Shen R (2009) Affective e-learning: using ‘emotional’ data to improve learning in pervasive learning environment related work and the pervasive e-learning platform. Learning 12:176–189
Fischer R (October 2004) Automatic facial expression analysis and emotional classification. S.M. thesis, Math & Natural Sciences, MIT/University of Applied Science Darmstadt, Germany
Ekman P, Friesen WV (1978) Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press 1978. Consulting Psychologists Press. Retrieved from http://www.citeulike.org/user/DocNero/article/3171485
Donato GL, Bartlett MS, Hager JC, Ekman P, Sejnowski TJ (1999) Classifying facial actions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(10):974–989
Gunes H, Piccardi M (2007) Bi-modal emotion recognition from expressive face and body gestures. J Netw Comput Appl 30(4):1334–1345
Bänziger T, Grandjean D, Scherer KR (2009) Emotion recognition from expressions in face, voice, and body: the Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test (MERT). Emotion 9(5):691–704, Washington, DC
Bull P (1987) Posture and gesture. Pergamon Press, New York
Meijer M (1989) The contribution of general features of body movement to the attribution of emotions. J Nonverbal Behav 13(4):247–268
Mota S, Picard RW (2003) Automated posture analysis for detecting learner’s interest level. Media 5:49
Mello SD, Graesser A, Hall D (2009) Automatic detection of learner’s affect from gross body language. Appl Artif Intell 23:123–150
Jakob de Lemos OJ, Sadeghnia Golam Reza, Ólafsdóttir Íris (2008) Measuring emotions using eye tracking. Int J 2008:2008–2008
Partala T (2003) Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. Int J Hum Comput Stud 59(1–2):185–198
Dawson ME, Schell AM, Bohmelt AH (1999) Startle modification: implications for neuroscience, cognitive science, and clinical science: implications for neuroscience, cognitive science, and clinical science, vol 14. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 383
Calvo MG, Lang PJ (2004) Gaze patterns when looking at emotional pictures: motivationally biased attention. Motiv Emot 28(3):221–243
Duchowski AT (2002) A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers. J Psychon Soc Inc 34(4):455–470
Wu S, Falk TH, Chan W-Y (2010) Automatic speech emotion recognition using modulation spectral features. Speech Commun 53(5):768–785
Scherer KR, Johnstone T, Klasmeyer G (2003) Vocal expression of emotion. In: Davidson RJ, Scherer KR, Barrett LF (eds) Handbook of affective sciences. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 433–456
Andreassi JL (2007) Human Behaviour and Physiological Response. Taylor & Francis e-Library 2009
Panksepp J (1998) Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press, New York, p 466
Immordino-Yang MH, Damasio A (2007) We feel, therefore we learn: the relevance of affective and social neuroscience to education. Mind Brain Educ 1(1):3–10
Olofsson JK, Nordin S, Sequeira H, Polich J (2008) Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biol Psychol 77(3):247–265
Osgood CE, May WH, Miron MS (1975) Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, p 486. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=Ax9CFVxXYD4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q&f=false
Shields CG et al (2005) Emotion language in primary care encounters: reliability and validity of an emotion word count coding system. Patient Educ Counc 57(2):232–238
Hancock J, Landrigan C, Silver C (2007). Expressing emotion in text-based communication. In: Proceedings of the ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI 2007), pp 929–932
Pennebaker JW, Francis ME, Booth RJ (2001) Linguistic inquiry and word count. Word J Int Linguist Assoc: 2–21
Jaimes A, Sebe N (2007) Multimodal human–computer interaction: a survey. Comput Vis Image Underst 108(1–2):116–134
Maat L, Pantic M (2006) Gaze-X: adaptive affective multimodal interface for single-user office scenarios. Human Factors. In: Proceedings of ACM international conference on multimodal interfaces, pp 171–178
Kapoor A, Burleson W, Picard R (2007) Automatic prediction of frustration. Int J Hum Comput Stud 65(8):724–736
Multimodal Human Computer Interaction Project (n.d.) http://itr.beckman.uiuc.edu/index.html. Retrieved 9 May 2011
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by FEDER Funds through the “Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE” program and by National Funds through FCT “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” under the project: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/2011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Faria, R., Almeida, A. (2013). Affect Recognition. In: Madureira, A., Reis, C., Marques, V. (eds) Computational Intelligence and Decision Making. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering, vol 61. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4722-7_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4722-7_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4721-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4722-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)