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Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use pp 429–453Cite as

Mainstreaming Agroforestry in Latin America

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Part of the book series: Advances in Agroforestry ((ADAG,volume 9))

Abstract

Agroforestry covers between 200 and 357 million hectares in Latin America, including 14–26 million hectares in Central America and 88–315 million hectares in South America. Commercial silvopastoral systems and shaded tree-crop systems (involving crops such as of coffee, Coffea spp., and cacao, Theobroma cacao L.) are the most prominent agroforestry examples in the region. Agroforestry has permeated into multiple sectors of modern Latin American societies and is now included in the agendas of the international community; in national laws, institutions, and policies; in a growing body of science and technology; and in the practice by ­farmers, ranchers, and other land users. In this chapter, we explored the status and trends of Latin American agroforestry in five sectors: (1) rural development, (2) international cooperation, (3) science and technology, (4) legal-institutional-policy (public and private) frameworks, and (5) education and training. The analysis considered various geographical levels, including the Latin American subcontinent, the Central America region, and three countries individually – Nicaragua, Colombia, and Peru. This article shows the notorious relevance of agroforestry in Latin America and concludes that agroforestry has developed significantly, but unevenly, in sectors and countries in Latin America. Simultaneous actions are needed in all sectors and countries to mainstream agroforestry and to increase its visibility in modern Latin American societies

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Acknowledgments

This chapter was prepared under CATIE’s Central American Cocoa Project (CATIE/MAP/PCC) and the FRAGMENT Project (“Developing methods and models for assessing the impacts of trees on farm productivity and regional biodiversity in fragmented landscapes”; INCO-Dev ICA4-CT-2001-10099). Three anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on the manuscript. Alejandra Villota and David Calvache helped with the preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica

    Eduardo Somarriba, John Beer, Rolando Cerda, Guillermo Detlefsen, Muhammad Ibrahim, Mauricio Scheelje & José J. Campos

  2. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy

    Fabrice DeClerck

  3. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru

    Julio Alegre-Orihuela

  4. Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad del Tolima, Tolima, Colombia

    Hernán J. Andrade

  5. Yaounde, Cameroon

    Maybeline Escalante (Agroforestry Specialist, Consultant)

  6. Managua, Nicaragua

    Luis Orozco (Agroforestry Specialist, Consultant)

  7. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

    Luis A. Giraldo

  8. Centro de Agroforestería para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico

    L. Krishnamurthy

  9. Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó “Diego Luis Cordoba”, Quibdo, Colombia

    Víctor E. Mena-Mosquera

  10. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia

    Jairo R. Mora-Degado

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  1. Eduardo Somarriba
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  11. L. Krishnamurthy
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  12. Víctor E. Mena-Mosquera
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  13. Jairo R. Mora-Degado
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Correspondence to Eduardo Somarriba .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sch. of Forest Resources and Conservatio, University of Florida, 118 Newins-Zielgler Hall, Box 110410, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA

    P.K. Ramachandran Nair

  2. ICRAF (World Agroforestry Centre), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

    Dennis Garrity

Appendixes: Appendix 1. Research and Development Institutions and NGOs Implementing Agroforestry Projects in Nicaragua in 2010

Appendixes: Appendix 1. Research and Development Institutions and NGOs Implementing Agroforestry Projects in Nicaragua in 2010

Appendix 1. Research and Development Institutions and NGOs Implementing Agroforestry Projects in Nicaragua in 2010

ACRA (Cooperiamo lo Sviluppo-Italia). www.acra.it; Asociación para la Diversificación y el Desarrollo Agrícola Comunal (ADDAC). www.addac.org.ni; Asociación Coordinadora indígena y Campesina de Agroforesteria Comunitaria Centroamericana (ACICAFOC). www.acicafoc.org; Asociación Pueblos en Acción Comunitaria (PAC). www.apac.org.ni; Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). www.aecid.org.ni; ADA (Cooperación Austriaca para el Desarrollo-Austrian Development Agency). www.ada.org.ni; CARE International. www.care.org.ni; CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza). www.catie.ac.cr/nicaragua; Catholic Relief Services (CRS). www.crs.org/nicaragua; CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). www.ciat.int.ni; Cuenta Reto del Milenio (CRM). www.cuentadelmilenio.org.ni; Cooperación Alemana-Nicaragua (GIZ y DED). www.gtz.de; Centro Humboldt. www.humbolt.org.ni; Ecomercados. www.ecomercados.org; FADCANIC (Fundación para la Autonomía y desarrollo de la Costa Atlántica de Nicaragua). www.fadcanic.org.ni; FUNICA (Fundación Nicaragüense de Investigación Agrícola y Forestal). www.funica.org.ni; FONDEAGRO (Fondo para el Desarrollo Agropecuario)-MAGFOR-ASDI-Agencia Sueca para el Desarrollo Internacional. www.fondeagro.org.ni; IICA (Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura). www.iica.int.ni; IDR (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural). www.idr.gob.ni; INTA (Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria). www.inta.gob.ni; INAFOR (Instituto Nacional Forestal)-PASOLAC. www.inafor.org.ni; IPADE (Instituto para el Desarrollo de la Democracia). www.ipade.org.ni; Lutheran World Relief (LWR). www.lwr.org; MAGFOR (Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal). www.magfor.gob.ni/paicepan/html; MARENA (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente). www.marena.gob.ni; Nitlapan (Instituto de Investigación aplicada y de Desarrollo Local)-UCA. www.nitlapan.org.ni; Oxfam-GB Internacional. www.oxfam.org/es/development/nicaragua; Unión Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos (UNAG). www.unag.org.ni; UNICAFE (Unión Nicaraguense de Cafetaleros)-FONTAGRO (Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria). www.unicafe.org.ni; UNA (Universidad Nacional Agraria). www.una.edu.ni; SIMAS (Servicio de información Mesoamericano sobre Agricultura Sostenible). www.simas.org.ni; Visión Mundial. www.visionmundial.rog.ni.

Appendix 2. Laws and Policies with Implications on Agroforestry in Central American Countries

Guatemala: Constitución de la República (1985); Ley Forestal (Decreto 101–96); Reglamento de la Ley Forestal (Resolución JD INAB No. 1.43.05); Reglamento PINFOR. (Resolución JD INAB No. 1.01.2007); Reglamento Transporte Productos Forestales (Resolución JD INAB No. 1.13.2004); Normativa interna INAB: aprovechamiento de árboles aislados en potreros; Ley MARN (Decreto 90–2000); Código Municipal (Decreto 12–2002); Política Forestal de Guatemala (1999).

Belize: Forest Act (1927), Forests Act Subsidiary (1927); Chicle Protection Act (1935); Private Forests – Conservation Act (1945); Forest Fire Protection Act (1962); Timber Industry Act (1955); Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (1996); National Parks System Act (1982); Wildlife Protection Act (1982); Measures of Wood Act (1910); Forestry policy of British Honduras (1945).

Honduras: Constitución de la República (Decreto 131–82); Ley Forestal, áreas protegidas y vida silvestre (Decreto 98–07); Ley de creación de la escuela nacional de ciencias forestales “ESNACIFOR” (Decreto 136–93); Ley de Bosques Nublados (Decreto 87–87); Ley del Colegio de Ingenieros Forestales (Decreto 69–89); Ley del Colegio de Profesionales Forestales (Decreto 70–89); Ley de Municipalidades (Decreto 134–90 y sus reformas: Decreto 48–91); Ley para la Modernización y el Desarrollo del Sector Agrícola –LMDSA- (Decreto 31 – 92); Ley general del Ambiente (Decreto 104–93); Ley para el desarrollo rural sostenible (Decreto 12–00 y su reglamento Acuerdo 1036–00); Ley de ordenamiento territorial (Decreto 180–03); Ley de propiedad (Decreto 82–04); Ley de protección a la actividad caficultora (Decreto 199–95); Ley del Ministerio Público (Decreto 228–93); Aspectos Forestales (Decreto 1039–93); Reglamento de Multas y Sanciones (Decreto 1088–93); Reglamento de regularización de derechos de población en tierras nacionales de vocación forestal (Acuerdo 16–96); Normas técnicas y reglamentarias para la elaboración de planes de manejo forestal en bosques de coníferas, mixtos y plantaciones – Modelo PROCAFOR (Resolución GG-057–95); Normas técnicas y reglamentarias para la elaboración de planes de manejo forestal en bosques latifoliados y coníferas; Certificación de plantaciones forestales, manejo y aprovechamiento (Resoluciones AFE-COHDEFOR GG-548–96 y GG-116–97); Metodología para la elaboración del plan de manejo de finca SAF-DICTA-AFE-COHDEFOR/ACDI (Sin resolución de Gerencia).

El Salvador: Constitución de la República (Decreto Legislativo 56); Ley Forestal (Decreto 852); Reglamento de la Ley Forestal (Decreto 33–2004); Política Forestal (MAG – 2002); Manual de Procedimientos Técnicos (2005); Ley de Medio Ambiente. Decreto legislativo No. 233; Ley de Conservación de La Vida Silvestre. Decreto legislativo No. 844; Criterios e Indicadores para el manejo forestal sostenible a nivel nacional y de unidad de manejo forestal; Reglamento interno de normas técnicas de control interno especificas del Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal. Decreto Legislativo No. 66; Reglamento a los artículos 6–19 al 6–25 del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las repúblicas de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. Decreto Ejecutivo No. 97.

Nicaragua: Constitución de la República (1987); Ley de Organización, Competencia y Procedimientos del Poder Ejecutivo (Ley 290–1998); Ley general de Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (Ley 217–1996); Política Ambiental (Decreto 25–2001); Ley de Desarrollo y Fomento del Sector Forestal (Ley 462–2003); Reglamento de la Ley Forestal (Decreto 73–2003); Política de Desarrollo Forestal (Decreto 50–2001); Reglamento de Incentivos Forestales (Decreto 104–2005); Ley Especial de Delitos contra el Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (2005); Ley de veda para el Corte, Aprovechamiento y Comercialización del Recurso Forestal (Ley 585–2006).

Costa Rica: Ley Forestal No 7575 (1996); Decreto No 25721-MINAE (1997) Reglamento a la Ley Forestal; Decreto No 26870-MINAE Reglamento para regentes forestales; Decreto No 33826-MINAE (2007) Ratificación del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal y Organización del SIREFOR; Decreto No 29147-MINAE (1996) Modificación del artículo 26 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal; Decreto No 27925-MINAE (1999) Modificación del artículo 89 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal; Decreto No 29084-MINAE (2000) Creación de la Comisión Agroforestal Nacional; Decreto No 25700-MINAE (1997) Veda de 18 especies forestales; Decreto No 34072-MINAE Aumento tope presupuestario del Fondo Forestal 2007; Decreto No 34599-MINAE Estándares de sostenibilidad para Manejo de Bosques Naturales; Decreto no 27240-MINAE (1996) Guías de Transportes; Manual de procedimientos para PSA (2009); Decreto No 35159-MINAET (2009) Establece hectáreas disponibles para PSA; Decreto 26748-MINAE (1998) Establece el sistema de placas para aprovechamiento de productos forestales; R-SINAC-028-2010 (2010) Manual de procedimientos para el aprovechamiento maderable en terrenos de uso agropecuario y sin bosque y situaciones especiales en Costa Rica

Panamá: Constitución Política de la República (Reformada en 1978, 1983 y 1994); Ley 41 de 1 de julio de 1998, Ley General de Ambiente; Ley 1 de 3 de febrero de 1994, Legislación Forestal de la República de Panamá; Resolución de Junta Directiva 022–92; Resolución de Junta Directiva 09–94 de 28 de junio; Ley 24 de 23 de noviembre de 1992, Ley de Incentivos a la Reforestación.

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Somarriba, E. et al. (2012). Mainstreaming Agroforestry in Latin America. In: Nair, P., Garrity, D. (eds) Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3_21

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