Abstract
Colorism is a form of discrimination based on skin tone that routinely privileges light-skinned people of color and penalizes darker-skinned people of color. Slavery in the USA and the Americas and European colonialism around the globe help explain the historical roots of colorism in the USA. Research on skin tone stratification demonstrates that, with few exceptions, light skin tone is privileged and rewarded in many different social settings. In fact, with increased access to racial capital and media technology, it is not unreasonable to suggest that skin tone is more important than ever.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alba, R. D., Logan, J. R., & Stults, B. J. (2000). The changing neighborhood contexts of the immigrant metropolis. Social Forces, 79, 587–621.
Allen, W., Telles, E., & Hunter, M. (2000). Skin color, income, and education: A comparison of African Americans and Mexican Americans. National Journal of Sociology, 12, 129–180.
Arce, C., Murguia, E., & Frisbie, W. P. (1987). Phenotype and life chances among Chicanos. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 19–32.
Blair, I., Judd, C., & Chapleau, K. (2004). The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. Psychological Science, 15(10), 674–679.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2004). From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 931–950.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 4.
Breland-Noble, A., King, J., Young, S., Eaton, B., Willis, M., Hurst, K., & Simmons, C. (2008). Lifetime prevalence and quality of interracial interactions on color consciousness among white young adults. In R. E. Hall (Ed.), Racism in the 21st century: An empirical analysis of skin color (pp. 125–134). New York: Springer.
Caliendo, S. M., & McIlwain, C. D. (2006). Minority candidates, media framing, and racial cues in the 2004 election. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11, 45–69.
Charles, C. A. D. (2003). Skin bleaching, self–hate, and black identity in Jamaica. Journal of Black Studies, 33(6), 711–718.
Cortese, A. (1999). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Espino, R., & Franz, M. (2002). Latino phenotypic discrimination revisited: The impact of skin color on occupational status. Social Science Quarterly, 83, 612–623.
Faught, J., & Hunter, M. (2011, August). Latinos and the skin color paradox: Skin color, national origin, and political attitudes. Presented at the American Sociological Association annual meeting, Chicago, IL.
Fears, D. (2003, July 14). Race divides Hispanics, report says; Integration and income vary with skin color. Washington Post.
Forman, T., Goar, C., & Lewis, A. (2004). Neither black nor white? Race & Society, 5, 65–84.
Glenn, E. N. (2008). Yearning for lightness: Transnational circuits in the marketing and consumption of skin lighteners. Gender and Society, 22(3), 281–302.
Golash-Boza, T., & Darity, W. (2008). Latino racial choices: The effects of skin colour and discrimination on Latinos’ and Latinas’ racial self-identifications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(5), 899–934.
Gómez, C. (2000). The continual significance of skin color: An exploratory study of Latinos in the Northeast. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22, 94–103.
Gullickson, A. (2005). The significance of color declines: A re-analysis of skin tone differentials in post-civil rights America. Social Forces, 84, 157–180.
Hall, R. (1994). “The bleaching syndrome”: Implications of light skin for Hispanic American assimilation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 16, 307–314.
Hall, R. (1995). The bleaching syndrome: African Americans’ response to cultural domination vis-à-vis skin color. Journal of Black Studies, 26, 172–184.
Hall, R. (1997). Eurogamy among Asian Americans: A note on Western assimilation. The Social Science Journal, 34, 403–408.
Hall, R. E. (2008). Manifestations of racism in the 21st century. In R. E. Hall (Ed.), Racism in the 21st century: An empirical analysis of skin color (pp. 25–44). New York: Springer.
Hill, M. E. (2000). Color differences in the socioeconomic status of African American men: Results of a longitudinal study. Social Forces, 78, 1437–1460.
Hill, M. E. (2002). Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 77–91.
Hochschild, J. L., & Weaver, V. (2007). The skin color paradox and the American racial order. Social Forces, 86, 643–670.
Hughes, B., & Hertel, M. (1990). The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among black Americans. Social Forces, 68, 1105–1120.
Hunter, M. (1998). Colorstruck: Skin color stratification in the lives of African American women. Sociological Inquiry, 68, 517–535.
Hunter, M. (2002). ‘If you’re light you’re alright’: Light skin color as social capital for women of color. Gender and Society, 16(2), 175–193.
Hunter, M. (2005). Race, gender, and the politics of skin tone. New York: Routledge.
Hunter, M. (2007). The persistent problem of colorism: Skin tone, status, and inequality. Sociology Compass, 1, 237–254.
Hunter, M. (2011a). Buying racial capital: Skin-bleaching and cosmetic surgery in a globalized world. Journal of Pan African Studies, 4(4), 142–164.
Hunter, M. (2011b). Race, gender, and skin tone. In J. Banks (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity in education. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Keith, V., & Herring, C. (1991). Skin tone and stratification in the black community. The American Journal of Sociology, 97, 760–778.
Lee, J., & Bean, F. (2007). Reinventing the color line: Immigration and America’s new racial/ethnic divide. Social Forces, 86, 561–586.
Mire, A. (2005). Pigmentation and empire: The emerging skin whitening industry. http://www.counterpunch.org/mire07282005.html. Accessed 10 Oct 2006.
Montalvo, F., & Codina, G. (2001). Skin color and Latinos in the United States. Ethnicities, 1(3), 321–341.
Morales, M. C. (2008). The ethnic niche as an economic pathway for the dark-skinned: Labor market incorporation of Latina/o workers. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30(3), 280–298.
Murguia, E., & Telles, E. (1996). Phenotype and schooling among Mexican Americans. Sociology of Education, 69, 276–289.
Perry, I. (2006). Buying white beauty. Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender, 12, 579–607.
Rondilla, J., & Spickard, P. (2007). Is lighter better? Skin-tone discrimination among Asian Americans. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
South, S. J., Crowder, K., & Chavez, E. (2005). Migration and spatial assimilation among U.S. Latinos: Classical versus segmented trajectories. Demography, 42, 497–521.
Telles, E., & Murguia, E. (1990). Phenotypic discrimination and income differences among Mexican Americans. Social Science Quarterly, 71, 682–696.
Terkildsen, N. (1993). When white voters evaluate black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 1032–1053.
Thompson, M., & Keith, V. (2001). The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Gender and Society, 15(3), 336–357.
Udry, R., Baumann, K., & Chase, C. (1971). Skin color, status, and mate selection. The American Journal of Sociology, 76, 722–733.
Villarreal, A. (2010). Stratification by skin color in contemporary Mexico. American Sociological Review, 75(5), 652–678.
Wade, T. J. (2008). Skin color biases: Attractiveness and halo effects in the evaluation of African Americans. In R. E. Hall (Ed.), Racism in the 21st century: An empirical analysis of skin color. New York: Springer.
Wade, T. J., & Bielitz, S. (2005). The differential effect of skin color on attractiveness, personality evaluations, and perceived life success of African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 31(3), 215–236.
Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York: Doubleday Books.
Yancey, G. (2003). Who Is white? Latinos, Asians, and the new black/nonblack divide. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hunter, M. (2013). The Consequences of Colorism. In: Hall, R. (eds) The Melanin Millennium. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4608-4_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4608-4_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4607-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4608-4
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)