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The Geographic Nature of Wikipedia Authorship

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Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge

Abstract

The efficacy and use of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is an active research area, but the geography of VGI authorship is largely unknown. Wikipedia is an online collaborative encyclopedia where anyone can edit articles, including those about place. Moreover, Wikipedia’s editorial transparency facilitates in situ observations of collective authorship. The empirical study described in this chapter collects 32 million contributions to Wikipedia’s geographic articles over 7 years. It finds exponential decay in the spatial patterns of Wikipedia’s authorship processes, which is consistent with other sociospatial phenomena, like innovation diffusion. As global information infrastructures continue to reduce communication and coordination costs, this study may provide insight into whether geographic distance ultimately matters in information peer production. This chapter begins by discussing core concepts behind collective authorship; then provides an overview of Wikipedia, its contributors, and their production processes; discusses the results and implications from spatial modeling of geotagged Wikipedia article contributions; and concludes with future research issues.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In scientific authorship, Lotska’s law predicts an inverse power relationship (e.g., w  ∼  n  –β) between the number of authors n, the size of their contributions w, and a constant β. Zipf’s law is a reformulation of this principle, generalized to individual contributions among group effort — i.e., the rank r of an individual is proportional to the inverse of her contributions n (e.g., n  ∼  r  –β) (Almeida et al. 2007).

  2. 2.

    Some have a more narrow definition of highly or consistently active contributors (Zachte 2010b), but in this chapter, “Wikipedian” refers to any contributor to a Wikipedia article, regardless of activity level.

  3. 3.

    These services include GEOnet Names Server (GNS) and Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Anomebot2). Using gazetteers as data sources is common for these automated processes, but there are other data sources in use. Rambot, for example, uses its own database of 3,141 counties and 33,832 cities to create geographic articles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rambot).

  4. 4.

    Their software targets a predetermined set of 21 languages: Catalan (ca), Chinese (zh), Czech (cs), Danish (da), Dutch (nl), English (en), Esperanto (eo), Finnish (fi), French (fr), German (de), Icelandic (is), Italian (it), Japanese (ja), Norwegian (no), Polish (pl), Portuguese (pt), Russian (ru), Slovak (sk), Spanish (es), Swedish (sv), and Turkish (tr).

  5. 5.

    Wikipedia provides access to IP addresses for anonymous, but not registered, Wikipedians. Reportedly, Wikipedia logs IP addresses for all contributions—from anonymous and registered Wikipedians alike—but they restrict access to those data to authorized administrators.

  6. 6.

    Other languages also have categories, but this content analysis is restricted to English.

  7. 7.

    To address these actions, Wikipedia has a policy that states “Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil manner” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars).

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (awards #BCS-0849625 “Collaborative Research: A GIScience Approach for Assessing the Quality, Potential Applications, and Impact of Volunteered Geographic Information” and #IIS-0431166 “Collaborative Research: Integrating Digital Libraries and Earth Science Data Systems”) and the US Army Research Office (award #W911NF0910302). Thanks to Wikimedia Deutschland, e.V. in Berlin, Germany, for providing the helpful Toolserver service (http://toolserver.org). They provided database access, Web hosting, and computational resources for this research. Thanks to Tim Alder and Stefan Kühn for comments on geotagging methods in Wikipedia and for sharing their data-mining software and results. Thanks also to reviewer comments and for the many discussions with students and faculty at UCSB’s Center for Information Technology and Society and Center for Spatial Studies.

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  1. Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Darren Hardy

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  1. Dept. Geography, Ohio State University, N. Oval Mall 154, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    Daniel Sui

  2. Dept. Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-3550, Washington, USA

    Sarah Elwood

  3. College of Letters & Science, Dept. Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, 93106-4060, California, USA

    Michael Goodchild

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Hardy, D. (2013). The Geographic Nature of Wikipedia Authorship. In: Sui, D., Elwood, S., Goodchild, M. (eds) Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_11

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