Skip to main content

Abstract

The adipose tissue is one of the most vascularized tissues in the body. Both deposition and energy expenditure in the adipose tissues are dependent on appropriate vascular structures and functions that in their pathological settings may cause obesity and metabolic disorders. Emerging recent studies demonstrate that regulation of blood vessel functions in the adipose tissue by angiogenesis modulators significantly affects the size and metabolic status of adipose depots, suggesting that the adipose vasculature is an important target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. Additionally, angiogenesis modulators have been implied for the treatment of obesity- and diabetes-associated clinical disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, ophthalmological disorders, and chronic ulcers. In this book chapter, we describe methodologies developed in our and other laboratories to study structural and functional aspects of the adipose vasculature in relation to the metabolic status of adipose depots.

Sharon Lim and Jennifer Honek contributed equally to this work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cao Y (2010) Adipose tissue angiogenesis as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:107–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cao Y (2007) Angiogenesis modulates adipogenesis and obesity. J Clin Invest 117:2362–2368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J et al (2009) Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med 360:1518–1525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Feldmann HM, Golozoubova V, Cannon B et al (2009) UCP1 ablation induces obesity and abolishes diet-induced thermogenesis in mice exempt from thermal stress by living at thermoneutrality. Cell Metab 9:203–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Xue Y, Petrovic N, Cao R et al (2009) Hypoxia-independent angiogenesis in adipose tissues during cold acclimation. Cell Metab 9:99–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rupnick MA, Panigrahy D, Zhang CY et al (2002) Adipose tissue mass can be regulated through the vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:10730–10735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Brakenhielm E, Cao R, Gao B et al (2004) Angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470, prevents diet-induced and genetic obesity in mice. Circ Res 94:1579–1588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Xue Y, Lim S, Brakenhielm E et al (2010) Adipose angiogenesis: quantitative methods to study microvessel growth, regression and remodeling in vivo. Nat Protoc 5:912–920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Folkman J (1995) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med 1:27–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Brakenhielm E, Cao Y (2008) Angiogenesis in adipose tissue. Methods Mol Biol 456:65–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gersh I, Still MA (1945) Blood vessels in fat tissue relation to problems of gas exchange. J Exp Med 81:219–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Asano A, Kimura K, Saito M (1999) Cold-induced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors in rat brown adipose tissue. J Vet Med Sci 61:403–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bouloumie A, Drexler HC, Lafontan M et al (1998) Leptin, the product of Ob gene, promotes angiogenesis. Circ Res 83:1059–1066

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bouloumie A, Sengenes C, Portolan G et al (2001) Adipocyte produces matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9: involvement in adipose differentiation. Diabetes 50:2080–2086

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cao R, Brakenhielm E, Wahlestedt C et al (2001) Leptin induces vascular permeability and synergistically stimulates angiogenesis with FGF-2 and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6390–6395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Shih SC et al (2003) Adipose tissue growth and regression are regulated by angiopoietin-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311:563–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J et al (2004) Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation 109:1292–1298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Stacker SA, Runting AS, Caesar C et al (2000) The 3 T3-L1 fibroblast to adipocyte conversion is accompanied by increased expression of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for tie2. Growth Factors 18:177–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Voros G, Maquoi E, Demeulemeester D et al (2005) Modulation of angiogenesis during adipose tissue development in murine models of obesity. Endocrinology 146:4545–4554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Powell K (2007) Obesity: the two faces of fat. Nature 447:525–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tang W, Zeve D, Suh JM et al (2008) White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature. Science 322:583–586

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cioffi F, Senese R, de Lange P et al (2009) Uncoupling proteins: a complex journey to function discovery. Biofactors 35:417–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G et al (2009) Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 360:1509–1517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM et al (2009) Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med 360:1500–1508

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Heaton JM (1972) The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat 112:35–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bjorndahl M, Cao R, Nissen LJ et al (2005) Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 induce lymphangiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15593–15598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cao R, Bjorndahl MA, Gallego MI et al (2006) Hepatocyte growth factor is a lymphangiogenic factor with an indirect mechanism of action. Blood 107:3531–3536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Banerji S, Ni J, Wang SX et al (1999) LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan. J Cell Biol 144:789–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Breiteneder-Geleff S, Soleiman A, Kowalski H et al (1999) Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. Am J Pathol 154:385–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Y.C.’s laboratory is supported through research grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Cancer Foundation, the Karolinska Institute Foundation, the Karolinska Institute distinguished professor award, the Torsten Soderbergs foundation, the European Union Integrated Project of Metoxia (Project no. 222741) and the European Research Council (ERC) advanced grant ANGIOFAT (Project no 250021).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yihai Cao M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lim, S., Honek, J., Cao, Z., Seki, T., Xue, Y., Cao, Y. (2012). Quantitative Methods to Study Adipose Angiogenesis. In: Zudaire, E., Cuttitta, F. (eds) The Textbook of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis: Methods and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4581-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics