Abstract
The adipose tissue is one of the most vascularized tissues in the body. Both deposition and energy expenditure in the adipose tissues are dependent on appropriate vascular structures and functions that in their pathological settings may cause obesity and metabolic disorders. Emerging recent studies demonstrate that regulation of blood vessel functions in the adipose tissue by angiogenesis modulators significantly affects the size and metabolic status of adipose depots, suggesting that the adipose vasculature is an important target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. Additionally, angiogenesis modulators have been implied for the treatment of obesity- and diabetes-associated clinical disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, ophthalmological disorders, and chronic ulcers. In this book chapter, we describe methodologies developed in our and other laboratories to study structural and functional aspects of the adipose vasculature in relation to the metabolic status of adipose depots.
Sharon Lim and Jennifer Honek contributed equally to this work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cao Y (2010) Adipose tissue angiogenesis as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:107–115
Cao Y (2007) Angiogenesis modulates adipogenesis and obesity. J Clin Invest 117:2362–2368
Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J et al (2009) Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med 360:1518–1525
Feldmann HM, Golozoubova V, Cannon B et al (2009) UCP1 ablation induces obesity and abolishes diet-induced thermogenesis in mice exempt from thermal stress by living at thermoneutrality. Cell Metab 9:203–209
Xue Y, Petrovic N, Cao R et al (2009) Hypoxia-independent angiogenesis in adipose tissues during cold acclimation. Cell Metab 9:99–109
Rupnick MA, Panigrahy D, Zhang CY et al (2002) Adipose tissue mass can be regulated through the vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:10730–10735
Brakenhielm E, Cao R, Gao B et al (2004) Angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470, prevents diet-induced and genetic obesity in mice. Circ Res 94:1579–1588
Xue Y, Lim S, Brakenhielm E et al (2010) Adipose angiogenesis: quantitative methods to study microvessel growth, regression and remodeling in vivo. Nat Protoc 5:912–920
Folkman J (1995) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med 1:27–31
Brakenhielm E, Cao Y (2008) Angiogenesis in adipose tissue. Methods Mol Biol 456:65–81
Gersh I, Still MA (1945) Blood vessels in fat tissue relation to problems of gas exchange. J Exp Med 81:219–232
Asano A, Kimura K, Saito M (1999) Cold-induced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors in rat brown adipose tissue. J Vet Med Sci 61:403–409
Bouloumie A, Drexler HC, Lafontan M et al (1998) Leptin, the product of Ob gene, promotes angiogenesis. Circ Res 83:1059–1066
Bouloumie A, Sengenes C, Portolan G et al (2001) Adipocyte produces matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9: involvement in adipose differentiation. Diabetes 50:2080–2086
Cao R, Brakenhielm E, Wahlestedt C et al (2001) Leptin induces vascular permeability and synergistically stimulates angiogenesis with FGF-2 and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6390–6395
Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Shih SC et al (2003) Adipose tissue growth and regression are regulated by angiopoietin-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311:563–571
Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J et al (2004) Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation 109:1292–1298
Stacker SA, Runting AS, Caesar C et al (2000) The 3 T3-L1 fibroblast to adipocyte conversion is accompanied by increased expression of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for tie2. Growth Factors 18:177–191
Voros G, Maquoi E, Demeulemeester D et al (2005) Modulation of angiogenesis during adipose tissue development in murine models of obesity. Endocrinology 146:4545–4554
Powell K (2007) Obesity: the two faces of fat. Nature 447:525–527
Tang W, Zeve D, Suh JM et al (2008) White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature. Science 322:583–586
Cioffi F, Senese R, de Lange P et al (2009) Uncoupling proteins: a complex journey to function discovery. Biofactors 35:417–428
Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G et al (2009) Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 360:1509–1517
van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM et al (2009) Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med 360:1500–1508
Heaton JM (1972) The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat 112:35–39
Bjorndahl M, Cao R, Nissen LJ et al (2005) Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 induce lymphangiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15593–15598
Cao R, Bjorndahl MA, Gallego MI et al (2006) Hepatocyte growth factor is a lymphangiogenic factor with an indirect mechanism of action. Blood 107:3531–3536
Banerji S, Ni J, Wang SX et al (1999) LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan. J Cell Biol 144:789–801
Breiteneder-Geleff S, Soleiman A, Kowalski H et al (1999) Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. Am J Pathol 154:385–394
Acknowledgements
Y.C.’s laboratory is supported through research grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Cancer Foundation, the Karolinska Institute Foundation, the Karolinska Institute distinguished professor award, the Torsten Soderbergs foundation, the European Union Integrated Project of Metoxia (Project no. 222741) and the European Research Council (ERC) advanced grant ANGIOFAT (Project no 250021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lim, S., Honek, J., Cao, Z., Seki, T., Xue, Y., Cao, Y. (2012). Quantitative Methods to Study Adipose Angiogenesis. In: Zudaire, E., Cuttitta, F. (eds) The Textbook of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis: Methods and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4581-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4581-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4580-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4581-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)