Abstract
The Portuguese legal system is strongly committed to the protection of human rights either at the international and European levels or at the national one. This chapter analyzes how the Portuguese Constitution acknowledges all sources of international law that consecrate human rights and drafts the limits to their reception by the Portuguese legal order. It is stressed that the majority of the international conventions do not assure an adequate human rights enforcement regime. However, the ECHR constitutes a remarkable exception, and it has adopted a specific mechanism that influences, on a daily basis, the Portuguese courts and public bodies’ decisions. Furthermore, the Chapter explains the national constitutional regime of fundamental rights, pointing out the difference between civil rights (“direitos, liberdades e garantias”) and social, economic and cultural rights. In order to access how the law works, in practical terms, this study includes a brief summary of several decisions of the Portuguese Constitutional Court and the other Supreme Courts.
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Notes
- 1.
Among the international universal covenants on human rights, one can mention the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR; the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR aimed at the abolition of the death penalty; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD); the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); the Optional Protocol to the CEDAW; the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); the Convention on Forced Labor, 1930 (No 29 of the International Labor Organization (ILO)); the Convention on the Abolition of Forced Labor, 1957 (No 105 of the ILO); the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War; the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War; the Convention on the Prohibition or Limitation of the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT); the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).
- 2.
Portugal, as a member of the Council of Europe, is a contracting party, inter alia, of the following conventions:
-
–Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols No 11 and 14 (Portugal is also bound by the Additional Protocols No 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13); –European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers;
-
–European Social Charter (adopted in 1961 and reviewed on 3 May 1996);
-
–Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter (Reviewed);
-
–European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
-
–European Charter of Local Self-Government;
-
–Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data;
-
–Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities;
-
–Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine);
-
–Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and of the Dignity of the Human Being with regard the Application of Biology and Medicine (on the Prohibition of Cloning of Human Beings).
-
- 3.
After the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (published in [2007] OJ C 306/1, consolidated versions of the TEU, the TFEU and the Charter of Fundamental Rights published in [2010] OJ C 83/1), which occurred on 1 December, 2010, the European Union level is dominated by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (its first version was published in [2000] OJ 364/1. This version was amended by the IGC 2004, and was incorporated into the Part II of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, which was published in [2004] OJ C 310/1. Currently, it is published in [2010] OJ C 83/1).
- 4.
- 5.
This kind of reservation is prohibited by article 19 (c) of the VCLT (1969).
- 6.
The ICCPR-HRC has adopted several decisions, in which it has stated its own power to determine the compatibility of the reservations with the scope and purpose of international human rights conventions. See, for instance, Communication No 845/99, Rawle Kennedy c/Trinidade e Tobago, 31/12/1999, par. 6.7. (CCPR/C/67/D/845/99). In this case, the ICCPR-HRC considered that a reservation that leads to discrimination is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.
- 7.
See paragraph 18 of the General Commentary No 24 on reservations, which was adopted by the 52nd session [CCPR/C/21/REV1/ADD6].
- 8.
This international covenant does not authorize any derogation of Articles 6, 7, 8 (1) and (2), 11, 15, 16 and 18.
- 9.
See General Commentary No 29 on state of emergency (Article 4), adopted by the session of 24/07/2001 [CPPR/C/21/Rev.1/ADD11].
- 10.
See, for instance, Article 40 ICCPR, Articles 16–22 ICESCR, Article 9 ICERD, Article 18 CEDAW and Article 19 UN-CAT.
- 11.
See Article 41 ICCPR, Article 11 ICERD and Article 21 UN-CAT.
- 12.
See Optional Protocol (OP1) ICCPR, and Article 22 UN-CAT.
- 13.
See Article 20 (2) of the UN-CAT.
- 14.
See Article 20 (3) of the UN-CAT.
- 15.
Neither the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights nor the Charter of Banjul preview a judicial mechanism of settlement of disputes as sophisticated as the European one.
- 16.
- 17.
The first version of the Charter was published in [2000] OJ C 364/1.
- 18.
- 19.
See, among others, ECJ case C-540/03 EP v. Council [2006] ECR I-5769, par. 38; case C-435/06 Laval [2007] ECR I-10141, par. 91. See Court of First Instance (CFI) Case T-54/99, Max.mobil Telekommunikation Service [2002] II-313, par. 48, 57. See Conclusions of the Advocate-General Tizzano, ECJ, Case C-173/99 BECTU [2001] ECR I-4881, par. 27–28; Jacobs, ECJ, Case C-270/99P Z./PE [2001] ECR I-9197, par. 40; Leger, ECJ, Case C-353/99P Hautala [2001] ECR I- 9565, par. 82–83; Misho, ECJ, Case C-20/00 and C-64/00 Booker [2003] ECR I-7411, par. 26; Poiares Maduro, ECJ, Case C-181/03 Nardone [2005] ECR I-199; Kokott, ECJ, Case 540/03 EP v. Council [2006] ECR p. I-5769, par. 58.
- 20.
See, for example, Article 52 (4) to (7), which were added by the 2004 IGC.
- 21.
- 22.
It is the case with the fundamental rights recognized by Title I on Dignity (right to respect for human dignity, right to life, right to the integrity of the person, prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, prohibition of slavery and forced labor) and Title VI on Justice (right to an effective remedy and a fair trial, presumption of innocence and right to defense, principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties, right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence).
- 23.
- 24.
Infringement actions (Articles 259–260 TFUE), preliminary references (Article 267 TFUE), actions for annulment (Articles 263–264 TFUE), actions for failure to act (Article 265 TFUE), actions relating to compensation for non-contractual damage brought against the Union (Articles 268 and 340 TFUE).
- 25.
An English version of the Constitution is available at the website http://www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/conteudo/files/constituicaoingles.pdf.
- 26.
Constitutional Law No 1/2005 is available at the website http://debates.parlamento.pt/catalog.aspx?cid=r3.dar_s2rc.
- 27.
According to Articles 53 and 64 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, some provisions of the universal international human rights law are qualified as peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens), for instance, the prohibition of torture, the prohibition of genocide, the right to self-determination. They prevail over every single rule and they do not allow their removal through any kind of corrective interpretation. On the problem of the relationship between jus cogens and human rights in general, see De Schutter (2010, 64–89); Rehman (2010, 25–26); Moeckli et al. (2010, 113–114).
- 28.
Article 135 (b) CPR.
- 29.
Article 134 (b) CPR.
- 30.
The Portuguese Republic has been a member of the EU since 1 January, 1986.
- 31.
Articles 24–57 CPR.
- 32.
Articles 58–79 CPR:
- 33.
An attempt to draw the conditions for the identification of a fundamental right of similar nature, see Vieira de Andrade (2009, 172–189).
- 34.
For a more complete list, see Miranda (2008b, 158–160).
- 35.
Since its approval, there were seven revisions, successively performed by Constitutional Law No 1/1982, No 1/1989, No 1/1992, No 1/1997, No 1/2001, No 1/2004 and No 1/2005. All the referred constitutional laws are available at the website http://debates.parlamento.pt/catalog.aspx?cid=r3.dar_s2rc.
- 36.
For further developments in the Portuguese control system of constitutionality see, among many others, Gomes Canotilho and Moreira (2010, 895–993); Otero (2010, 434–462); Miranda (2008a, 164–318); Miranda (2007, 701–737); Guerra Martins and Prata Roque (2008, 1245–1247, 1250, 1254); Medeiros (2007, 738–889); Blanco de Morais (2006, 15–502); Idem (2005, 309–516); Gomes Canotilho (2003, 909 et seq.).
- 37.
In this chapter we will not use the terminology applied by the translation of the Constitution available at the website of the Parliament, but we will follow the one contained in Guerra Martins and Prata Roque (2008, 1245–1247).
- 38.
This decision concerns compensation for illegal arrest and it is available at www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/.
- 39.
Also available at www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/.
- 40.
This decision concerns the duty of notification of the Public Attorney opinion during an administrative lawsuit and it is available at www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/.
- 41.
Decision No 192/08 (Judge Ana Guerra Martins) on transcription and translation of wiretapping, available at www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/.
- 42.
This decision relates to the right to reply to a Public Attorney opinion before the administrative courts.
- 43.
Available at www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/.
- 44.
Also available at www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/acordaos/.
- 45.
This decision concerns expropriation of private property.
- 46.
The decisions of the Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice are available, in Portuguese, at www.dgsi.pt.
- 47.
This decision concerns the right to silence in criminal procedures.
- 48.
This decision concerned a case of murder.
- 49.
The decision assesses the rights of freedom of press, freedom of speech and the right to reputation.
- 50.
Also available, in Portuguese language, at www.dgsi.pt.
- 51.
This decision concerns the judges’ impediment and suspicion regime.
- 52.
See Decision of 19 November 2010 (1st section, Proc. No 553/09), relative to a compensation for excessive delay in jurisdictional decisions, and Decision of 8 October 2010 (1st section, Proc. No 304/09), relative to a disciplinary sanction.
- 53.
For instance, the approval of Law No 112/09, relative to the protection of the victims of domestic violence, was preceded by a governmental legislative proposal (Proposal No 248/X) that expressly mentioned the Portuguese commitment to the rules foreseen by the CEDAW of 1980 and its Additional Protocol of 2002, such as to the EU decisions on protection of women (Decision 293/2000/EC, concerning the Daphne Program 2000–2003, Decision 803/2004/EC, concerning the Daphne Program II 2004–2006, and Decision 779/2007/EC, concerning the Daphne Program III 2007–2013). All the referred law and proposals are available at http://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=34254.
Another example of the weight of international rules for purposes of adopting legislative acts is given by Law No 21/2007 that provided a criminal mediation mechanism. In this case, the legislative procedure was initiated by a governmental legislative proposal (Proposal No 107/X) that expressly invoked the Portuguese commitment to international rules and resolutions, notably to the Council Framework Decision 2001/22/JAI of 15 March 2001, concerning the criminal victim statute, and the Recommendation 99 (19), adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, relative to criminal mediation mechanisms. This legislative procedure is available at http://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=33326.
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Legal Acts
Lisbon Treaty (published in [2007] OJ C 306/1, consolidated versions of the TEU, the TFEU and the Charter of Fundamental Rights published in [2010] OJ C 83/1).
Portuguese Constitution (English version available at the website http://www.tribunalconstitucional.pt/tc/conteudo/files/constituicaoingles.pdf)
Jurisprudence
ECJ case C-540/03 EP v. Council [2006] ECR I-5769
ECJ case C-435/06 Laval [2007] ECR I-10141
ECJ case C-377/98 Netherlands/EP and Council [2001] ECR I-7079
ECJ case C- 13/94 P. contra S. [1998] ECR I-2143
ECJ case C-36/02 Omega [2004] ECR I-9609
ECJ case 4/73 Nold [1974] ECR 491
ECJ case 36/75 Rutili [1975] ECR 1219
ECJ case 44/79 Hauer [1979] ECR 2727
ECJ case 222/84 Johnston [1986] ECR 1651
ECJ case C-299/95 Kremzow [1997] ECR I-2629
CFI case T-54/99, Max.mobil Telekommunikation Service [2002] II-313
Conclusions of the Advocate-General Tizzano, ECJ, Case C-173/99 BECTU [2001] ECR I-4881
Conclusions of the Advocate-General Jacobs, ECJ, Case C-270/99P Z./PE [2001] ECR I-9197
Conclusions of the Advocate-General Leger, ECJ, Case C-353/99P Hautala [2001] ECR I- 9565
Conclusions of the Advocate-General Misho, ECJ, Case C-20/00 and C-64/00 Booker [2003] ECR I-7411
Conclusions of the Advocate-General Poiares Maduro, ECJ, Case C-181/03 Nardone [2005] ECR I-199
Conclusions of the Advocate-General Kokott, ECJ, Case 540/03 EP v. Council [2006] ECR I-5769
ECHR Decision “Lobo Machado c/Portugal”
ICCPR-HRC Communication No 845/99, Rawle Kennedy c/Trinidade e Tobago, 31/12/1999 (CCPR/C/67/D/845/99)
PCC Decision No 160/95 (Judge Fonseca)
PCC Decision No 829/96 (Judge Almeida)
PCC Decision No 345/99 (Judge Brito)
PCC Decision No 416/07 (Judge Guerra Martins)
PCC Decision No 101/09 (Judge Cadilha)
PCC Decision No 342/09 (Judge Amaral)
PCC Decision No 121/10 (Judge Gomes)
PCC Decision No 185/10 (Judge Amaral)
PSCJ Decision of 4 March, 2010 (7th section, Proc. No 677/09.1YFLSB)
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Martins, A.M.G., Roque, M.P. (2013). Universality and Binding Effect of Human Rights from a Portuguese Perspective. In: Arnold, R. (eds) The Universalism of Human Rights. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4510-0_18
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