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Heavy Metals in Soils pp 367–394Cite as

Copper

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Part of the book series: Environmental Pollution ((EPOL,volume 22))

Abstract

Background copper (Cu) concentrations in soil depend on geology and typically vary between 2 and 50 mg Cu kg−1. The widespread use of Cu has resulted in significant anthropogenic inputs to topsoils through atmospheric deposition and agricultural practices (fertilisers, pesticides, sewage sludge etc.). Copper mainly occurs in its divalent state (Cu2+) and has high affinity for binding to organic matter. Sorption processes control the solubility of Cu under most environmental conditions, but Cu precipitates can form in alkaline soils. The solid-liquid partitioning of Cu in soil is largely controlled by the soil pH and organic matter content, with higher solubility at low pH and low organic matter content. Except for acidic soils, most (>90%) of the dissolved Cu in soil is complexed with dissolved organic matter. Copper is an important essential element for all living organisms and deficiency in plants and ruminants occur in soils with low available Cu. Copper concentrations in plant shoots typically range between 4 and 15 mg Cu kg−1 dry matter (DM) and are well regulated over a wide soil Cu concentration range. Elevated soil Cu concentrations cause toxic effects in all terrestrial organisms (plants, invertebrates and micro-organisms). The toxicity of Cu largely depends on soil properties, which control the bioavailability of Cu in soil through their effect on precipitation, sorption and complexation processes. Predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs), protecting 95% of all species or microbial processes, vary between approximately 10 and 200 mg Cu kg−1 soil and increase with increasing cation exchange capacity, clay and organic matter content.

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    Koen Oorts

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  1. Department of Soil Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DW, United Kingdom

    Brian J. Alloway

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© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Oorts, K. (2013). Copper. In: Alloway, B. (eds) Heavy Metals in Soils. Environmental Pollution, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_13

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