Abstract
Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, has been demonstrated frequently and highly expressed in a variety of human carcinomas, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is mounting evidence indicating that MK plays a significant role in carcinogenesis-related activities, such as proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, mitogenesis, transformation, and angiogenesis. Futhermore, siRNA, anti-sense oligonucleotides or antibody to MK has yielded great effects in anti-prolierative activities to HCC cells. Therefore, MK appears to be a potential molecular target for therapy of HCC.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Llovet J, Burroughs A, Bruix J (2003) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 362:1907–1917
Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J et al (2005) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 55:74–108
El-Serag HB, Marrero JA, Rudolph L et al (2008) Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 134:1752–1763
Chung HW, Wen Y, Choi EA et al (2002) Pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK) mRNA expression in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in advanced stage endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 8:350–355
Ezquerra L, Alguacil LF, Nguyen T et al (2008) Different pattern of pleiotrophin and midkine expression in neuropathic pain: correlation between changes in pleiotrophin gene expression and rat strain differences in neuropathic pain. Growth Factors 26:44–48
Mitsiadis TA, Salmivirta M, Muramatsu T et al (1995) Expression of the heparin-binding cytokines, midkine (MK) and HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during fetal development and organogenesis. Development 121:37–51
Miyashiro M, Kadomatsu K, Ogata N et al (1998) Midkine expression in transient retinal ischemia in the rat. Curr Eye Res 17:9–13
Fujita S, Seki S, Fujiwara M et al (2008) Midkine expression correlating with growth activity and tooth morphogenesis in odontogenic tumors. Hum Pathol 39:694–700
Nakamoto M, Matsubara S, Miyauchi T et al (1992) A new family of heparin binding growth/differentiation factors: differential expression of the midkine (MK) and HB-GAM genes during mouse development. J Biochem 112:346–349
Obama H, Biro S, Tashiro T et al (1998) Myocardial infarction induces expression of midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor with reparative activity. Anticancer Res 18:145–152
Obama H, Tsutsui J, Ozawa M et al (1995) Midkine (MK) expression in extraembryonic tissues, amniotic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid during mouse embryogenesis. J Biochem 118:88–93
Dai LC, Wang X, Yao X et al (2007) Antisense oligonucleotide targeting midkine suppresses in vivo angiogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 13:1208–1213
Dai LC, Wang X, Yao X et al (2006) Antisense oligonucleotides targeting midkine induced apoptosis and increased chemosensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 27:1630–1636
Tsutsui J, Kadomatsu K, Matsubara S (1993) A new family of heparin-binding growth/differentiation factors: increased midkine expression in Wilms’ tumor and other human carcinomas. Cancer Res 53:1281–1285
Nakagawara A, Milbrandt J, Muramatsu T et al (1995) Differential expression of pleiotrophin and midkine in advanced neuroblastomas. Cancer Res 55:1792–1797
Kato M, Shinozawa T, Kato S et al (2000) Increased midkine expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:848–852
Tomizawa M, Yu L, Wada A et al (2003) A promoter region of the midkine gene that is frequently expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma can activate a suicide gene as effectively as the alpha-fetoprotein promoter. Br J Cancer 89:1086–1090
Aridome K, Tsutsui J, Takao S et al (1995) Increased midkine gene expression in human gastrointestinal cancers. Jpn J Cancer Res 86:655–661
Ikematsu S, Yano A, Aridome K et al (2000) Serum midkine levels are increased in patients with various types of carcinomas. Br J Cancer 83:701–706
Muramatsu H, Song XJ, Koide N et al (1996) Enzyme-linked immunoassay for midkine, and its application to evaluation of midkine levels in developing mouse brain and sera from patients with hepatocellular carcinomas. J Biochem 119:1171–1175
Zhang C, Li Z, Cheng Y et al (2007) CpG island methylator phenotype association with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein level in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 13:944–952
Shibata Y, Muramatsu T, Hirai M et al (2002) Nuclear targeting by the growth factor midkine. Mol Cell Biol 22:6788–6796
Salama RH, Muramatsu H, Zou K et al (2001) Midkine binds to 37-kDa laminin binding protein precursor, leading to nuclear transport of the complex. Exp Cell Res 270:13–20
Jans DA, Xiao CY, Lam MH (2000) Nuclear targeting signal recognition: a key control point in nuclear transport. Bioessays 22:532–544
Misteli T (2001) Protein dynamics: implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression. Science 291:843–847
Dai LC, Shao JZ, Min LS et al (2008) Midkine accumulated in nucleolus of HepG2 cells involved in rRNA transcription. World J Gastroenterol 14:6249–6253
Dai L, Xu D, Yao X et al (2005) Conformational determinants of the intracellular localization of midkine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330:310–317
Fatica A, Tollervey D (2002) Making ribosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:313–318
Kojima S, Muramatsu H, Amanuma H et al (1995) Midkine enhances fibrinolytic activity of bovine endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 270:9590–9596
Kadomatsu K, Hagihara M, Akhter S et al (1997) Midkine induces the transformation of NIH3T3 cells. Br J Cancer 75:354–359
Maeda N, Noda M (1998) Involvement of receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta/RPTPbeta and its ligand pleiotrophin/heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in neuronal migration. J Cell Biol 142:203–216
Qi M, Ikematsu S, Ichihara-Tanaka K et al (2001) Haptotactic migration induced by midkine. Involvement of protein-tyrosine phosphatase zeta. Mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 276:15868–15875
Ohhashi S, Ohuchida K, Mizumoto K et al (2009) Midkine mRNA is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 54:811–815
Ohuchida T, Okamoto K, Akahane K et al (2004) Midkine protects hepatocellular carcinoma cells against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase-3 activity. Cancer 100:2430–2436
Mirkin BL, Clark S, Zheng X et al (2005) Identification of midkine as a mediator for intercellular transfer of drug resistance. Oncogene 24:4965–4974
Shin S, Sung BJ, Cho YS et al (2001) An anti-apoptotic protein human survivin is a direct inhibitor of caspase-3 and -7. Biochemistry 40:1117–1123
Yin C, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ et al (1997) Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo. Nature 385:637–640
Muramatsu H, Shirahama H, Yonezawa S et al (1993) Midkine, a retinoic acid-inducible growth/differentiation factor: immunochemical evidence for the function and distribution. Dev Biol 159:392–402
Inoh K, Muramatsu H, Torii S et al (2006) Doxorubicin-conjugated anti-midkine monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-tumor drug. Jpn J Clin Oncol 36:207–211
Maeda T, O-Wang J, Matsubara H et al (2001) A minimum c-erbB-2 promoter-mediated expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene confers selective cytotoxicity of human breast cancer cells to ganciclovir. Cancer Gene Ther 8:890–896
Mawatari F, Tsuruta S, Ido A et al (1998) Retrovirus-mediated gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: selective and enhanced suicide gene expression regulated by human alpha-fetoprotein enhancer directly linked to its promoter. Cancer Gene Ther 5:301–306
Alemany R, Balague C, Curiel DT (2000) Replicative adenoviruses for cancer therapy. Nat Biotechnol 18:723–727
Terao S, Shirakawa T, Kubo S et al (2007) Midkine promoter-based conditionally replicative adenovirus for targeting midkine-expressing human bladder cancer model. Urology 70:1009–1013
Yu L, Hamada K, Namba M et al (2004) Midkine promoter-driven suicide gene expression and -mediated adenovirus replication produced cytotoxic effects to immortalised and tumour cells. Eur J Cancer 40:1787–1794
Crooke ST (2004) Progress in antisense technology. Annu Rev Med 55:61–95
Dai LC, Wang X, Yao X et al (2007) Enhanced therapeutic effects of combined chemotherapeutic drugs and midkine antisense oligonucleotides for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 13:1989–1994
Dai LC, Wang X, Yao X et al (2007) Antisense oligonucleotides targeting midkine inhibit tumor growth in an in situ human hepatocellular carcinoma model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 28:453–458
Koide N, Hada H, Shinji T et al (1999) Expression of the midkine gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology 46:3189–3196
Takei Y, Kadomatsu K, Goto T et al (2006) Combinational antitumor effect of siRNA against midkine and paclitaxel on growth of human prostate cancer xenografts. Cancer 107:864–873
Dai LC, Yao X, Wang X et al (2009) In vitro and in vivo suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma growth by midkine-antisense oligonucleotide-loaded nanoparticles. World J Gastroenterol 15:1966–1972
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional information
Funding: This work was financially supported by Key New Drug Discovery Project of 11th Five-Years Plan ( 2009ZX09103-680), the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China.
Conflict of interest: We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dai, L.C., Yao, X., Zhong, J. (2012). Midkine Is a Potential Therapeutic Target of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Ergüven, M., Muramatsu, T., Bilir, A. (eds) Midkine: From Embryogenesis to Pathogenesis and Therapy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4234-5_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4234-5_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4233-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4234-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)