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Novel Methods in Micropropagation of Pistachio

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Crop Production for Agricultural Improvement

Abstract

The focus of this paper is to describe the novel methods developed for the different stages of micropropagation: installation of mature apical shoot tips and elimination of browning exudates; forcing hardwood shoots from the lignified stem sections; forcing axenic leaves; initiation of embryogenic masses (EMS); encapsulation of somatic embryos and cryopreservation of axillary buds for storage, and the facilitation of rooting. These developed methods are not being used by commercial micropropagation laboratories yet. Exudation of phenolics is inhibited when the disinfested and rinsed explants are cut at the base of the shoot tips and washed twice for 1 h by shaking them in sterile distilled water on a shaker at 100 rpm. For shoot initiation, 15–20 cm long terminal stem sections are cut into 3–4 cm sections and placed in pots filled with peat, perlite and soil. Two or three weeks later, the developed softwood shoots are excised; or freshly harvested three to nine apical tips of 1–2 cm are disinfested and used as explants. Leaves excised from axenic shoot cultures were also used to induce organogenesis on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with combinations of different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and indole-3-asetic acid (IAA). Calcium alginate gel was used to encapsulate somatic embryos to produce synthetic seeds. The encapsulated somatic embryos can be stored under refrigerated conditions for short-term conservation. For long-term conservation, some axillary buds can also be stored by using vitrification and one-step freezing technique; however, other cryogenic techniques should also be tested. With these improved stages, application of Pistachio vera L. micropropagation in commercial clonal orchards will be feasible as an alternative to traditional propagation in the near future.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mrs. Linda Thain-Ali for valuable advice and critical reading of the manuscript. We would like also to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Biology, University of Batman, 72080, Batman, Turkey

    Engin Tilkat, Ahmet Onay & Emine Ayaz Tilkat

  2. Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Institute of Technology, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Yelda Ozden Çiftçi & Hulya Akdemir

Authors
  1. Engin Tilkat
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  2. Yelda Ozden Çiftçi
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  3. Hulya Akdemir
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  4. Ahmet Onay
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  5. Emine Ayaz Tilkat
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Correspondence to Engin Tilkat .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ashraf

  2. Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  3. , Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Jail Road, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad

  4. , Department of Biology, Erciyes University, Rektörlüğü, Melikgazi, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    Ahmet Aksoy

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Tilkat, E., Çiftçi, Y.O., Akdemir, H., Onay, A., Tilkat, E.A. (2012). Novel Methods in Micropropagation of Pistachio. In: Ashraf, M., Öztürk, M., Ahmad, M., Aksoy, A. (eds) Crop Production for Agricultural Improvement. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4116-4_14

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