Abstract
Properties of composite materials and their constituents often depend on both position and direction in a fixed system of coordinates. In the terminology of solid mechanics, such materials are heterogeneous and anisotropic. This chapter is concerned with the directional dependence, defined by certain material symmetry elements, and reflected in eight distinct forms of the stiffness and compliance matrices of elastic solids. Such materials include, for example, reinforcing fibers, particles and their coatings, or fibrous composites and laminates represented on the macroscale by homogenized solids with equivalent or effective elastic moduli. Identification of the positions of zero-valued coefficients, and of any connections between nonzero coefficients in those matrices is of particular interest. Different classes of crystals exhibit a much larger range of symmetries, derived from spatial arrangement of their lattices. Broader expositions of these topics can be found in several books, such as Love (1944), Lekhnitskii (1950), Green and Atkins (1960), Nye (1957, 1985), Hearmon (1961), Ting (1996), and Cowin and Doty (2007).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmad, F. (2002). Invariants and structural invariants of the anisotropic elasticity tensor. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 55, 597–606.
Almgren, R. F. (1985). An isotropic three-dimensional structure with Poisson’s ratio = −1. Journal of Elasticity, 15, 427–430.
Backus, G. A. (1970). Geometrical picture of anisotropic elastic tensors. Reviews of Geophysics and Spacephysics, 8, 633–671.
Baerheim, R. (1993). Harmonic decomposition of the anisotropic elasticity tensor. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 46, 511–523.
Baughman, R. H., Shacklette, J. M., Zakhidov, A. A., & Stafstrom, S. (1998). Negative Poisson’s ratio as a common feature of cubic materials. Nature, 426, 667.
Boulanger, P., & Hayes, M. (1998). Poisson’s ratio for orthotropic materials. Journal of Elasticity, 50, 87–89.
Budiansky, B., & Kimmel, E. (1987). Elastic moduli of lungs. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 54, 351–358.
Chadwick, P., Vianello, M., & Cowin, S. C. (2001). A new proof that the number of linear elastic symmetries is eight. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 49, 2471–2492.
Christensen, R. M. (1987). Sufficient symmetry conditions for isotropy of the elastic moduli tensor. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 54, 772–777.
Cowin, S., & Doty, S. (2007). Tissue mechanics. New York: Springer.
Cowin, S. C., & Mehrabadi, M. M. (1987). On the identification of material symmetry for anisotropic materials. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 40, 451–476.
Cowin, S. C., & Mehrabadi, M. M. (1989). Identification of the elastic symmetry of bone and other materials. Journal of Biomechanics, 22, 503–515.
Cowin, S. C., & Mehrabadi, M. M. (1995). Anisotropic symmetries of linear elasticity. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 48, 247–285.
Daniel, I. M., & Ishai, O. (2006). Engineering mechanics of composite materials (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Evans, K. E. (1991). Auxetic polymers: A new range of materials. Endeavour, New Series, 15, 170–174.
Evans, K. E., Nkansah, M. A., Hutchinson, I. J., & Rogers, S. C. (1991). Molecular network design. Nature, 353, 124.
Green, A. E., & Atkins, J. E. (1960). Large elastic deformations and non-linear continuum mechanics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 11, 14, 15.
Guo, C. Y., & Wheeler, L. (2006). Extreme Poisson’s ratios and related elastic crystal properties. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 54, 690–707.
Hayes, M., & Shuvalov, A. (1998). On the extreme values of Young’s modulus, the shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio for cubic materials. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 65, 786–787.
Hearmon, R. F. S. (1961). Introduction to applied anisotropic elasticity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Herakovich, C. T. (1998). Mechanics of fibrous composites. New York: Wiley.
Hill, R. (1948). A theory of the yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic metals. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, A193, 281–297.
Hill, R. (1964). Theory of mechanical properties of fibre-strengthened materials: I. Elastic behavior. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 12, 199–212.
Hill, R. (1965a). Continuum micromechanics of elastic-plastic polycrystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 13, 89–101.
Kröner, E. (1958). Berechnung der elastischen Konstanten der Vielkristalls aus den Konstanten der Einkristalls. Zeitschrift für Physik, 151, 504–518.
Lakes, R. (1987). Foam structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio. Science, 235, 1038–1040.
Lakes, R. (1993). Advances in negative Poisson’s ratio materials. Advanced Materials, 5, 293–296.
Lakes, R. (2000). Deformations in extreme matter. Science, 288, 1976–1977.
Lekhnitskii, S. G. (1950). Theory of elasticity of an anisotropic body, Gostekhizdat Moscow (English translation published by Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1963).
Li, Y. (1976). The anisotropic behavior of Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, and shear modulus in hexagonal materials. Physica Status Solidi, 38, 171–175.
Love, A. E. H. (1944). A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity (4th ed.). New York: Dover.
Mulhern, J. F., Rogers, T. G., & Spencer, A. J. M. (1967). A continuum model for fibre-reinforced plastic materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, A301, 473–492.
Mulhern, J. F., Rogers, T. G., & Spencer, A. J. M. (1969). A continuum theory of a plastic-elastic fibre-reinforced material. International Journal of Engineering Science, 7, 129–152.
Nye, J. F. (1957, 1985). Physical properties of crystals. Their representation by tensors and matrices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sirotin, Y. I., & Shakol’skaya, M. P. (1982). Fundamentals of crystal physics. Moscow: MIR Publishers.
Smith, G. F., & Rivlin, R. (1958). The strain-energy function for anisotropic elastic materials. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 88, 175–193.
Spencer, A. J. M. (1972). Deformation of fibre-reinforced materials. London: Oxford University Press.
Srinivasan, T. P., & Nigam, S. D. (1969). Invariant elastic constants for crystals. Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, 19, 411–420.
Ting, T. C. T. (1987). Invariants of anisotropic elastic constants. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 40, 431–438.
Ting, T. C. T. (1996). Anisotropic elasticity: Theory and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ting, T. C. T. (2003). Generalization of Cowin-Mehrabadi theorems and direct proof that the number of linear elastic symmetries is eight. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40, 7129–7142.
Ting, T. C. T. (2004). Very large Poisson’s ratio with a bounded transverse strain in anisotropic elastic materials. Journal of Elasticity, 77, 163–176.
Ting, T. C. T. (2005a). The stationary values of Young’s modulus for monoclinic and triclinic materials. Journal of Mechanics, 21, 249–253.
Ting, T. C. T. (2005b). Explicit expression of the stationary values of Young’s modulus and the shear modulus for anistropic elastic materials. Journal of Mechanics, 21, 255–266.
Ting, T. C. T., & Barnett, D. M. (2005). Negative Poisson’s ratios in anisotropic linear elastic media. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 72, 929–931.
Ting, T. C. T., & Chen, T. (2005). Poisson’s ratio for anisotropic elastic materials can have no bounds. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 58, 73–82.
Ting, T. C. T., & He, Q. C. (2006). Decomposition of elasticity tensors and tensors that are structurally invariant in three dimensions. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 59, 323–341.
Tsai, S. W., & Wu, E. M. (1971). A general theory of strength for anisotropic materials. Journal of Composite Materials, 5, 58–80.
Turley, J., & Sines, G. (1971). The anisotropy of Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio in cubic materials. Journal of Physics, 4, 264–271.
Voigt, W. (1910). Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
Walpole, L. J. (1969). On the overall elastic moduli of composite materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 17, 235–251.
Walpole, L. J. (1981). Elastic behavior of composite materials: Theoretical foundations. In Advances in applied mechanics. New York: Academic, 21, 169–242.
Walpole, L. J. (1984). Fourth-rank tensors of the thirty-two crystal classes; multiplication tables. Proceedings of the Royal Society London A, 391, 149–179.
Walpole, L. J. (1985a). The stress-strain law of a textured aggregate of cubic crystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 33, 363–370.
Zener, C. (1948). Elasticity and anelasticity of metals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zheng, Q. S., & Chen, T. (2001). New perspective on Poisson’s ratios of elastic solids. Acta Mechanica, 150, 191–195.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dvorak, G.J. (2013). Anisotropic Elastic Solids. In: Micromechanics of Composite Materials. Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, vol 186. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4101-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4101-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4100-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4101-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)