Abstract
Diurnal mountain wind systems are local thermally driven wind systems that form over mountainous terrain and are produced by the buoyancy effects associated with the diurnal cycle of heating and cooling of the lower atmospheric layers. This chapter reviews the present scientific understanding of diurnal mountain wind systems, focusing on research findings published since 1988. Slope flows are examined first, as they provide a good introduction to the many factors affecting diurnal mountain wind systems. The energy budgets governing slope flows; the effects of turbulence, slope angle, ambient stability, background flows and slope inhomogeneities on slope flows; and the methods used to simulate slope flows are examined. Then, valley winds are reviewed in a similar manner and the diurnal phases of valley and slope winds and their interactions are summarized. Recent research on large-scale mountain-plain wind systems is reviewed, with an emphasis on the Rocky Mountains and the Alps. Winds occurring in closed basins and over plateaus are then discussed, and analogies between the two wind systems are outlined. This is followed by a discussion of forecasting considerations for diurnal mountain wind systems. Finally, the chapter concludes with a summary of open questions and productive areas for further research.
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Notes
- 1.
The Prandtl number Pr is a nondimensional number defined, for any fluid, as the ratio of the kinematic viscosity ν to the thermal diffusivity κ, i.e. Pr = ν/κ. As an extension, for turbulent flows the turbulent Prandtl number Pr t is defined as the ratio of the eddy viscosity K m to the eddy heat diffusivity K h : Pr t = K m /K h . Both of these numbers provide, for laminar and turbulent flows respectively, an estimate of the relative importance of convection versus diffusion in heat transfer processes involved with the flow.
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Acknowledgments
We thank the book editors for the opportunity to contribute to this book and the associated 2008 Mountain Weather Workshop. Special thanks go to authors and organizations which provided figures for this chapter. The University of Trento and Prof. Dino Zardi are thanked for providing the financial support and warm hospitality for Dr. Whiteman’s 2-month visit to the University of Trento in 2008 to begin the collaborative work on this chapter. Moreover D. Zardi is grateful to the University of Trento for granting him a sabbatical leave during the academic year 2009/2010. We greatly appreciate the editorial assistance of Johanna Whiteman, the initial reviews of portions of this chapter by Thomas Haiden, Thomas W. Horst, Stephan De Wekker, Tina Katopodes Chow, and Stefano Serafin and the valuable comments provided by anonymous reviewers. Dr. Whiteman wishes to acknowledge partial funding support from National Science Foundation grants ATM-0837870 and ATM-0444205 and from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service CSTAR grant NA07NWS4680003.
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Zardi, D., Whiteman, C.D. (2013). Diurnal Mountain Wind Systems. In: Chow, F., De Wekker, S., Snyder, B. (eds) Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting. Springer Atmospheric Sciences. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3_2
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