Abstract
Biological control has been defined as: The action of parasites, predators or pathogens in maintaining another organisms population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence (De Bach 1964). Therefore, successful biological control of arthropod pests relies on the presence and viability of effective predators, parasitoids and/or entomopathogens in sufficient numbers and at critical seasonal periods to provide population regulation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altieri MA, Ponti L, Nicholls CI (2005) Manipulating vineyard biodiversity for improved insect pest management: case studies from northern California. Int J Biodivers Sci Manag 1:191–203
Arakaki N, Yamazawa H, Wakamura S (2011) The egg parasitoid Telenomus euproctidis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) uses sex pheromone released by immobile female tussock moth Orgyia postica (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) as kairomone. Appl Entomol Zool 46:195–200
Austin AD, Johnson NF, Dowton M (2005) Systematics, evolution, and biology of scelionid and platygastrid wasps. Annu Rev Entomol 50:553–582
Bahlai CA, Sears MK (2009) Population dynamics of Harmonia axyridis and Aphis glycines in Niagara Peninsula soybean fields and vineyards. J Entomol Soc Ont 140:27–39
Bedding RA, Miller LA (1981) Use of a nematode, Heterorhabditis heliothidis, to control black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in potted plants. Ann Appl Biol 99:211–216
Begum M, Gurr GM, Wratten SD, Hedberg PR, Nicol HI (2006) Using selective food plants to maximize biological control of vineyard pests. J Appl Ecol 43:547–554
Bell VA, Brightwell RJ, Lester PJ (2006) Increasing vineyard floral resources may not enhance localised biological control of the leafroller Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Dolichogenidea spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids. Biocontrol Sci Technol 16:1031–1042
Belshaw R (1994) Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy. In: Hawkins BA, Sheehan W (eds) Parasitoid community ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 145–162
Berndt LA, Wratten SD, Frampton C (2000) The use of buckwheat flowers to enhance efficiency of leafroller parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard. In: Hoddle MS (ed) Proceedings of the California conference on biological control II, Riverside, CA, pp 121–123, 11–12 July 2000
Berndt LA, Wratten SD, Scarratt SL (2006) The influence of floral resource subsidies on parasitism rates of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New Zealand vineyards. Biol Control 37:50–55
Bolduc E, Buddle CM, Bostanian NJ, Vincent C (2005) Ground-dwelling spider fauna (Araneae) of two vineyards in southern Quebec. Environ Entomol 34:635–645
Böll S, Schwappach P, Herrmann JV (2006) Planting dog roses – an efficient method to promote mymarid populations in vineyards? IOBC/WPRS Bull 29(11):175–181
Booth LH, Bithell SL, Wratten SD, Heppelthwaite VJ (2003) Vineyard pesticides and their effects on invertebrate biomarkers and bioindicator species in New Zealand. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71:1131–1138
Bostanian NJ, Larocque N (2001) Laboratory tests to determine the intrinsic toxicity of four fungicides and two insecticides to the predacious mite Agistemus fleschneri. Phytoparasitica 29:215–222
Campos L, Franco JC, Monteiro A, Lopes C (2006) Influence of cover cropping on arthropods associated to a vineyard in Estremadura. Cien Tec Vitivinic 21:33–46
Chambers RJ (1988) Syrphidae. In: Minks AK, Harrewijn P (eds) Aphids, their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 2B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 259–270
Clark RD, Grant PR (1968) An experimental study of the role of spiders as predators in a forest litter community. Ecology 49:1152–1154
Cooper ML, Daane KM, Nelson EH, Varela LG, Battany MC, Tsutsui ND, Rust MK (2008) Liquid baits control Argentine ants sustainably in coastal vineyards. Calif Agric 62:177–183
Corbett A, Rosenheim JA (1996) Impact of a natural enemy overwintering refuge and its interaction with the surrounding landscape. Ecol Entomol 21:155–164
Costello MJ (2007) Impact of sulfur on density of Tetranychus pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a central California vineyard. Exp Appl Acarol 42:197–208
Costello MJ, Daane KM (1998) Influence of ground covers on spider (Araneae) populations in a table grape vineyard. Ecol Entomol 23:33–40
Costello MJ, Daane KM (1999) Abundance of spiders and insect predators on grapes in central California. J Arachnol 27:531–538
Costello MJ, Daane KM (2003) Spider and leafhopper (Erythroneura spp.) response to vineyard ground cover. Environ Entomol 32:1085–1098
Crowder DW, Northfield TD, Strand MR, Snyder WE (2010) Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature 466:109–112
Daane KM, Costello MJ (1998) Can cover crops reduce leafhopper abundance in vineyards? Calif Agric 52:27–33
Daane KM, Yokota GY (1997) Release strategies affect survival and distribution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in augmentation programs. Environ Entomol 26:455–464
Daane KM, Yokota GY, Zheng Y, Hagen KS (1996) Inundative release of common green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to suppress Erythroneura variabilis and E. elegantula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in vineyards. Environ Entomol 25:1224–1234
Daane KM, Sime KR, Fallon J, Cooper ML (2007) Impacts of Argentine ants on mealybugs and their natural enemies in California’s coastal vineyards. Ecol Entomol 32:583–596
Daane KM, Cooper ML, Triapitsyn SV, Walton VM, Yokota GY, Haviland DR et al (2008a) Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex. Calif Agric 62:167–176
Daane KM, Bentley WJ, Millar JG, Walton VM, Cooper ML, Biscay P, Yokota GY (2008b) Integrated management of mealybugs in California vineyards. Acta Hortic 785:235–252
De Bach P (1964) The scope of biological control. In: De Bach P (ed) Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 3–20
De Bach P, Hagen KS (1964) Manipulation of entomophagous species. In: De Bach P (ed) Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 429–455
Dib H, Simon S, Sauphanor B, Capowiez Y (2010) The role of natural enemies on the population dynamics of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in organic apple orchards in southeastern France. Biol Control 55:97–109
Elzen GW, King EG (1999) Periodic release and manipulation of natural enemies. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 253–270
Engel VR, Ohnesorge B (1994) The role of alternative food and microclimate in the system Typhlodromus pyri (Acari, Phytoseiidae) – Panonychus ulmi (Acari, Tetranychidae) on grape vines. II. Field experiments. J Appl Entomol 118:224–238
English-Loeb GM (1990) Plant drought stress and outbreaks of spider mites: a field test. Ecology 71:1401–1411
English-Loeb G, Rhainds M, Martinson T, Ugine T (2003) Influence of flowering cover crops on Anagrus parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Erythroneura leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in New York vineyards. Agric For Entomol 5:173–181
Etzel LK, Legner EF (1999) Culture and colonization. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 125–198
Federici BA (1999) A perspective on pathogens as biological control agents for insect pests. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 517–548
Feener DH, Brown BV (1997) Diptera as parasitoids. Annu Rev Entomol 42:73–97
Fisher TW (1963) Mass culture of Cryptolaemus and Leptomastix, natural enemies of citrus mealybugs. University of California, Berkeley, CA. Agric Exp Stn Bull 797:1–38
Fisher TW, Andres LA (1999) Quarantine. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 103–124
Fisher JR, Bruck DJ, Bañados P, Dale A (2009) Biology and control of root weevils on berry and nursery crops in Oregon. Acta Hortic 777:345–351
Frank SD, Shrewsbury PM, Denno RF (2011) Plant versus prey resources: influence on omnivore behavior and herbivore suppression. Biol Control 57:229–235
Gabel B, Renczés V (1985) Factors affecting the monitoring of flight activity of Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) by pheromone traps. Acta Entomol Bohemoslov 82:269–277
Gadino AN, Walton VM, Dreves AJ (2011) Impact of vineyard pesticides on a beneficial arthropod, Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae), in laboratory bioassays. J Econ Entomol 104:970–977
Galvan TL, Burkness EC, Koch RL, Hutchison WD (2009) Multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) activity and wine grape phenology: implications for pest management. Environ Entomol 38:1563–1574
Glenn DC, Hoffmann AA (1997) Developing a commercially viable system for biological control of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in grapes using endemic Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Econ Entomol 90:370–382
Gusberti MM, Jermini E, Wyss E, Linder C (2008) Efficacy of insecticides against Scaphoideus titanus in organic vineyards and their side effects. Rev Suisse Vitic Arboric Hortic 40:173–177
Gutierrez AP, Caltagirone LE, Meikle W (1999) Evaluation of results. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 243–252
Gutierrez AP, Daane KM, Ponti L, Walton VM, Ellis CK (2008) Prospective evaluation of the biological control of vine mealybug: refuge effects and climate. J Appl Ecol 45:524–536
Hagen KS, Mills NJ, Gordh G, McMurtry JA (1999) Terrestrial arthropod predators of insect and mite pests. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 383–503
Hanna R, Zalom FG, Roltsch WJ (2003) Relative impact of spider predation and cover crop on population dynamics of Erythroneura variabilis in a raisin grape vineyard. Entomol Exp Appl 107:177–191
Hernandez P, Daane KM, Lawson A, Yokota G (2005) Efficacy of several pesticides of table grape to control the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus (Araneae: Theridiidae) collected from California table grape vineyards. The 2005 ESA annual meeting and exhibition, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 15–18 Dec 2005. http://www.esa.confex.com/esa/2005/techprogram/paper_21957.htm
Hogg BN, Daane KM (2010) The role of dispersal from natural habitat in determining spider abundance and diversity in California vineyards. Agric Ecosyst Environ 135:260–267
Hogg BN, Daane KM (2011a) Diversity and invasion within a predator community: impacts on herbivore suppression. J Appl Ecol 48:453–461
Hogg BN, Daane KM (2011b) Ecosystem services in the face of invasion: the persistence of native and nonnative spiders in an agricultural landscape. Ecol Appl 21:565–576
Hogg BN, Gillespie RG, Daane KM (2010) Regional patterns in the invasion success of Cheiracanthium spiders (Miturgidae) in vineyard ecosystems. Biol Invasions 12:2499–2508
Hoy MA, Barnett WW, Reil WO, Castro D, Cahn D, Hendricks LC et al (1982) Large-scale releases of pesticide-resistant spider mite predators. Calif Agric 36:8–10
Huffaker CB, Simmonds FJ, Liang JE (1976) The theoretical and empirical basis of biological control. In: Huffaker CB, Messenger PS (eds) Theory and practice of biological control. Academic, New York, pp 42–78
Ibrahim R, Holst H, Basedow T (2004) Natural occurrence and distribution of Trichogramma spp. in vineyards of Rheingau (Hessia, Germany). Mitt Dtscher Ges Allg Entomol 14:213–216
Isaia M, Bona F, Badino G (2006) Influence of landscape diversity and agricultural practices on spider assemblage in Italian vineyards of Langa Astigiana (northwest Italy). Environ Entomol 35:297–307
James DG (2006) Methyl salicylate is a field attractant for the goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata. Biocontrol Sci Technol 16:107–110
James DG, Grasswitz TR (2005) Synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles increase field captures of parasitic wasps. BioControl 50:871–880
James DG, Price TS (2004) Field-testing of methyl salicylate for recruitment and retention of beneficial insects in grapes and hops. J Chem Ecol 30:1613–1628
James DG, Whitney J (1991) Biological control of grapevine mites in inland south-eastern Australia. Aust N Z Wine Ind J 6:3
Jenkins PE, Isaacs R (2007a) Cutting wild grapevines as a cultural control strategy for grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ Entomol 36:187–194
Jenkins PE, Isaacs R (2007b) Reduced-risk insecticides for control of grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and conservation of natural enemies. J Econ Entomol 100:855–865
Jepsen SJ, Rosenheim JA, Matthews CE (2007a) The impact of sulfur on the reproductive success of Anagrus spp. parasitoids in the field. BioControl 52:599–612
Jepsen SJ, Rosenheim JA, Bench ME (2007b) The effect of sulfur on biological control of the grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula, by the egg parasitoid Anagrus erythroneurae. BioControl 52:721–732
Johann L, Klock CL, Ferla NJ, Botton M (2009) Mites (Acari) associated with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Rio Grande do Sul. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Biociências, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Biociencias 17(1):1–19
Khan ZR, James DG, Midega CAO, Pickett JA (2008) Chemical ecology and conservation biological control. Biol Control 45:210–224
Kirchmair M, Neuhauser S, Strasser H, Voloshchuk N, Hoffmann M, Huber L (2009) Biological control of grape phylloxera – a historical review and future prospects. Acta Hortic 816:13–17
Koclu T, Altindisli FO, Ozsemerci F (2005) The parasitoids of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den.-Schiff.) and predators in the mating disruption-treated vineyards in Turkey. OILB/SROP Bull 28(7):293–297
Landis DA, Wratten SD, Gurr GM (2000) Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annu Rev Entomol 45:175–201
Laurin M-C, Bostanian NJ (2007) Laboratory studies to elucidate the residual toxicity of eight insecticides to Anystis baccarum (Acari: Anystidae). J Econ Entomol 100:1210–1214
Lefebvre M, Bostanian NJ, Thistlewood HMA, Mauffette Y, Racette G (2011) A laboratory assessment of toxic attributes of six ‘reduced risk insecticides’ on Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Chemosphere 84:25–30
Legner EF, Bellows TS (1999) Exploration for natural enemies. In: Bellows TS, Fisher TW (eds) Handbook of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 87–102
Loughner R, Goldman K, Loeb G, Nyrop J (2008) Influence of leaf trichomes on predatory mite (Typhlodromus pyri) abundance in grape varieties. Exp Appl Acarol 45:111–122
Lucas É, Labrie G, Vincent C, Kovach J (2007) The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle: beneficial or nuisance organism? In: Vincent C, Goettel MS, Lazarovits G (eds) Biological control: a global perspective. CABI, Wallingford, pp 38–52
Mani M, Thorntakarya TS (1988) Studies on the safety of different pesticides to the grape mealybug natural enemies, Anagyrus dactylopii (How.) and Scymnus coccivora Ayyar. Indian J Plant Prot 16:205–210
Mansour R, Suma P, Mazzeo G, Buonocore E, Lebdi KG, Russo A (2010) Using a kairomone-based attracting system to enhance biological control of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Sicilian vineyards. J Entomol Acarol Res 42:161–170
Marchesini E, Mori N, Pasini M, Bassi A (2008) Selectivity of Rynaxypyr® towards beneficial arthropods in different agroecosystems. In: Brunelli A (ed) Giornate fitopatologiche, vol 1. Cervia (RA), 12–14 Marzo, Bologna, pp 71–76
Martinez M, Coutinot D, Hoelmer K, Denis J (2006) Suitability of European Diptera tachinid parasitoids of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) for introduction against grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana(Clemens) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae), in North America. Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Firenze, Italy, Redia 89:87–97
McMurtry JA (1982) The use of phytoseiids for biological control: progress and future prospects. In: Hoy MA (ed) Recent advances in knowledge of the phytoseiidae, vol 3284. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 23–48
McMurtry JA, Croft BA (1997) Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 42:291–321
Mgocheki N, Addison P (2009a) Effect of contact pesticides on vine mealybug parasitoids, Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Girault) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). S Afr J Enol Vitic 30:110–116
Mgocheki N, Addison P (2009b) Interference of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with biological control of the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Biol Control 49:180–185
Miliczky E, Horton DR (2007) Natural enemy fauna (Insecta, Araneae) found on native sagebrush steppe plants in eastern Washington with reference to species also found in adjacent apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pac Entomol 83:50–65
Mills NJ (1982) Voracity, cannibalism and coccinellid predation. Ann Appl Biol 101:144–148
Mills NJ, Daane KM (2005) Non-pesticide alternatives (biological and cultural controls) can suppress crop pests. Calif Agric 59:23–28
Murphy BC, Rosenheim JA, Grannett J (1996) Habitat diversification for improving biological control: abundance of Anagrus epos (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in grape vineyards. Environ Entomol 25:495–504
Murphy BC, Rosenheim JA, Dowell RV, Grannett J (1998) Habitat diversification tactic for improving biological control: parasitism of the western grape leafhopper. Entomol Exp Appl 87:225–235
Mustu M, Kilincer N, Ulgenturk S, Kaydan MB (2008) Feeding behavior of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on mealybugs parasitized by Anagyrus pseudococci. Phytoparasitica 36:360–367
Nagarkatti S, Tobin C, Saunders MC, Muza AJ (2003) Release of native Trichogramma minutum to control grape berry moth. Can Entomol 135:589–598
Nash MA, Hoffmann AA, Thomson LJ (2010) Identifying signature of chemical applications on indigenous and invasive non-target arthropod communities in vineyards. Ecol Appl 20:1693–1703
Nelson EH, Daane KM (2007) Improving liquid bait programs for Argentine ant control: bait station density. Environ Entomol 36:1475–1484
Nicholls CI, Parrella M, Altieri MA (2001) The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard. Landsc Ecol 16:133–146
Nicholls CI, Altieri MA, Ponti L (2008) Enhancing plant diversity for improved insect pest management in northern California organic vineyards. Acta Hortic 785:263–278
Obrycki JJ, Kring TJ (1998) Predaceous Coccinellidae in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 43:295–321
Ponti L, Ricci C, Veronesi F, Torricelli R (2005) Natural hedges as an element of functional biodiversity in agroecosystems: the case of a central Italy vineyard. Bull Insectol 58:19–23
Posenato G, Marchesini E, Graziani N, Vandini G, Ferrari D, Parrilla MM et al (2003) Use of dinocap in control strategy against powdery mildew and side effects on predatory mites. Informatore Agrario 59:73–78
Prasad RP, Snyder WE (2006) Polyphagy complicates conservation biological control that targets generalist predators. J Appl Ecol 43:343–352
Price PW (1997) Insect ecology. Wiley, New York
Prischmann DA, James DG, Wright LC, Teneyck RD, Snyder WE (2005a) Effects of chlorpyrifos and sulfur on spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their natural enemies. Biol Control 33:324–334
Prischmann DA, James DG, Gingras SN, Snyder WE (2005b) Diversity and abundance of insects and spiders on managed and unmanaged grapevines in southcentral Washington State. Pan-Pac Entomol 81:131–144
Rabb RL, Guthrie FE (1970) Concepts of pest management. North Carolina State University Press, Raleigh
Reid CD, Lampman RL (1989) Olfactory responses of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to volatiles of corn silks. J Chem Ecol 15:1109–1115
Remund U, Boller E (1996) Importance of hedgerow plants for the egg parasitoids of the green grapevine leafhopper in eastern Switzerland. Obst-und Weinbau 132:238–241
Reuter OM (1913) Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten. Friedlander, Berlin
Riddick EW, Mills NJ (1994) Potential of adult carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as predators of fifth-instar codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricide) in apple orchards in California. Environ Entomol 23:1338–1345
Riechert SE, Lockley T (1984) Spiders as biological control agents. Annu Rev Entomol 29:299–320
Rigamonti IE (2006) Preliminary observations on the role of botanical diversity on the presence of egg parasitoids of grape leafhoppers in northern Italy. IOBC/WPRS Bull 29(11):187–192
Scarratt SL, Wratten SD (2004) Using a rubidium marker to study the dispersal of a parasitoid from floral resources. In: Hoddle MS (ed) Proceedings of the California conference on biological control IV, Berkeley, CA, pp 137–140, 13–15 July 2004
Scarratt SL, Wratten SD, Shishehbor P (2008) Measuring parasitoid movement from floral resources in a vineyard. Biol Control 46:107–113
Schwartz A (1993) Occurrence of natural enemies of phytophagous mites on grapevine leaves following application of fungicides for disease control. S Afr J Enol Vitic 14:16–17
Sharley DJ, Hoffmann AA, Thomson LJ (2008) The effects of soil tillage on beneficial invertebrates within the vineyard. Agric For Entomol 10:233–243
Shibao M, Ehara S, Hosomi A, Tanaka H (2006) Effect of insecticide application on the population density of yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Euseius sojaensis (Ehara) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on grapes. Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool 50:247–252
Slone DH, Croft BA (2000) Changes in intraspecific aggregation and the coexistence of predaceous apple mites. Oikos 91:153–161
Smith HS (1923) Successful introduction and establishment of the ladybird, Scymnus bineavatus Mulsant, in California. J Econ Entomol 16:516–518
Stavrinides MC, Mills NJ (2009) Demographic effects of pesticides on biological control of Pacific spider mite (Tetranychus pacificus) by the western predatory mite (Galendromus occidentalis). Biol Control 48:267–273
Stavrinides M, Daane KM, Lampien B, Mills NJ (2010) Plant water stress, leaf temperature and spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) outbreaks in California vineyards. Environ Entomol 39:1232–1241
Stutz S, Entling MH (2011) Effects of the landscape context on aphid-ant-predator interactions on cherry trees. Biol Control 57:37–43
Szentkiralyi F (2001) Lacewings in fruit and nut crops. In: McEwen P, New TR, Whittington AE (eds) Lacewings in the crop environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 172–238
Tauber MJ, Tauber CA, Daane KM, Hagen KS (2000) New tricks for old predators: implementing biological control with Chrysoperla. Am Entomol 46:26–38
Thiéry D, Xuéreb A, Villemant C, Sentenac G, Delbac L, Kuntzman P, Lozzia C (2001) The parasites of grape tortricids: noticed on several species present in 3 French vine regions. OILB/SROP Bull 24:135–141
Thomson LJ (2006) Influence of reduced irrigation on beneficial invertebrates in vineyards. Aust J Exp Agric 46:1389–1395
Thomson LJ, Hoffmann AA (2007) Effects of ground cover (straw and compost) on the abundance of natural enemies and soil macro invertebrates in vineyards. Agric For Entomol 9:173–179
Thomson LJ, Hoffmann AA (2009) Vegetation increases the abundance of natural enemies in vineyards. Biol Control 49:259–269
Thomson LJ, Hoffmann AA (2010) Natural enemy responses and pest control: importance of local vegetation. Biol Control 52:160–166
Thomson LJ, Glenn DC, Hoffmann AA (2000) Effects of sulfur on Trichogramma egg parasitoids in vineyards: measuring toxic effects and establishing release windows. Aust J Exp Agric 40:1165–1171
Tollerup K, Rust MK, Klotz JH (2007) Formica perpilosa, an emerging pest in vineyards. J Agric Urban Entomol 24:147–158
Triapitsyn SV (1998) Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Erythroneura spp. and other leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in North American vineyards and orchards: a taxonomic review. Trans Am Entomol Soc 124:96–97
Waage JK, Carl KP, Mills NJ, Greathead DJ (1984) Rearing entomophagous insects. In: Singh P, Moore RF (eds) Handbook of insect rearing, vol 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 45–66
Walton VM (2003) Development of an integrated pest management system for vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), in vineyards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. PhD dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Walton VM, Pringle KL (1999) Effects of pesticides used on table grapes on the mealybug parasitoid Coccidoxenoides peregrinus. S Afr J Enol Vitic 20:31–34
Walton VM, Pringle KL (2001) Effects of pesticides and fungicides used on grapevines on the mealybug predatory beetle Nephus ‘boschianus’ (Coccinellidae, Scymnini). S Afr J Enol Vitic 22:107–110
Williams LI, Martinson TE (2000) Colonization of New York vineyards by Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): overwintering biology, within-vineyard distribution of wasps, and parasitism of grape leafhopper, Erythroneura spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), eggs. Biol Control 18:136–146
Wilson LT, Carmean I, Flaherty DL (1991) Aphelopus albopictus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae): abundance, parasitism, and distribution in relation to leafhopper hosts in grapes. Hilgardia 59:16
Xuéreb A, Thiéry D (2006) Does natural larval parasitism of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) vary between years, generation, density of the host and vine cultivar? Bull Entomol Res 96:105–110
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Daniel Todd Dalton for reviewing this document.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walton, V.M., Daane, K.M., Addison, P. (2012). Biological Control of Arthropods and Its Application in Vineyards. In: Bostanian, N., Vincent, C., Isaacs, R. (eds) Arthropod Management in Vineyards:. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4032-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4032-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4031-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4032-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)