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Future Prospects for Population Policies

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World Population Policies

Abstract

This chapter will attempt to chart the way forward for population policies. For various reasons, it is a daunting task.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    To a large extent, the future stabilization of the world population will depend on the rapid demographic growth in the LDCs, as well as the depopulation that many developed and developing countries are likely to experience.

  2. 2.

    However, accounting procedures may inflate this figure.

  3. 3.

    The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, failed to reach an agreement on climate change. A key question revolved around the relative responsibilities of countries for limiting the emissions of greenhouse gas and for funding the shift to low-carbon energy and alternative technologies. However, the 2010 UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico, obtained more promising results, particularly with respect to cutting carbon emissions.

  4. 4.

    The PSIDS include the island nations of Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

  5. 5.

    For more information on the causes and characteristics of civil war and violence in developing countries, see Cramer (2006).

  6. 6.

    The concept of human security, i.e., being able to live full and safe lives, emerged in the early 1990s and has been refined since. The focus after the Cold War shifted to the wellbeing of individuals in fragile and developing states, therefore making wellbeing an international concern, and not just that of the states (for more information, see Duffield 2005).

  7. 7.

    In sub-Saharan Africa in particular, an already difficult situation might worsen because of rising food prices. In addition, recent “grabs” of large swaths of African land by countries from other continents (e.g., Asia), which want to produce food outside their territory but for their own consumption, may jeopardize future agricultural prospects in sub-Saharan Africa.

  8. 8.

    Slums are defined here as densely populated urban areas marked by crowding, dirty run-down housing, poverty, and social disorganization.

  9. 9.

    Infertility may also be a consequence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

  10. 10.

    In addition to the DALYs (see footnote 15 in Chap. 2), another indicator that seeks to measure the quality of health and the value of health outcomes is the Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). A QALY is a year of life that is adjusted for its quality or value. The utility induced by a treatment (with the length it is used) is calculated and provides the number of QALYs gained. This allows QALYs to be incorporated in medical costs and help establish the cost-effectiveness of certain treatments in the long run. Similarly to the DALYs, the QALY indicator has some shortcomings, mostly linked to its numerical components and its inadequacy in measuring more qualitative aspects of health. Nonetheless there are significant efforts to redefine the QALYs by: (i) incorporating additional measures to the existing indicator, (ii) analyzing the underlying assumptions, and (iii) including other paradigms as its foundation; see Smith et al. (2009) and Pietro and Sacristán (2003).

  11. 11.

    UNFPA, for instance, will need to “narrow its focus to again become one of the most important and visible vehicles for promoting sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights globally and in developing countries”; see The CGD Working Group on UNFPA’s Leadership Transition (2011: 9–19).

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    John F. May

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May, J.F. (2012). Future Prospects for Population Policies. In: World Population Policies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2837-0_9

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