Abstract
The death of a loved one and the period of grieving that follows can be a painful journey with physical, emotional, mental and spiritual suffering a familiar companion. Much has been written in the literature about the process of uncomplicated or normal grief. More recently the focus of research and therapeutic attention has shifted to the small but significant group of people who suffer from complicated grief. This paper explores the growing body of research that examines the persisting and debilitating suffering that accompanies complicated grief.
Your joy is your sorrow unmasked/And the self same well from which your laughter arises was oftentimes filled with your tears.
Kahlil Gibran, The Prophet
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Beery, L. C., H. G. Prigerson, A. J. Bierhals, et al. 1997. Traumatic grief, depression and care giving in elderly spouses of the terminally ill. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 35:261–279.
Boelen, P. A., J. Van Den Bout, and M. A. Van Den Hout. 2003a. The role of negative interpretations of grief reactions in emotional problems after bereavement. Journal of Behavioural Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 34:225–238.
Boelen, P. A., J. Van Den Bout, and M. A. Van Den Hout. 2003b. The role of cognitive variables in psychological functioning after the death of a first degree relative. Behaviour, Research and Therapy 41:1123–1136.
Boelen, P. A., and J. Van Den Bout. 2005. Complicated grief, depression, and anxiety as distinct postloss syndromes: A confirmatory factor analysis study. American Journal of Psychiatry 162:2175–2177.
Boelen, P. A., J. Van Den Bout, and M. A. Van Den Hout. 2006. Negative cognitions and avoidance in emotional problems after bereavement. A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44:1657–1672.
Boerner, K., C. B. Wortman, and G. A. Bonanno. 2005. Resilient or at risk? A 4-year study of older adults who initially showed high or low distress following conjugal loss. The Journals of Gerontology 60B:67–73.
Bonanno, G. A. 2001. Grief and emotion: A social-functional perspective. In Handbook of bereavement: Consequences, coping, and care, ed. M. S. Stroebe et al., 493–515. Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
Bonanno, G. A., and S. Kaltman. 2001. The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review 21:705–734.
Bonanno, G. A., C. B. Wortman, D. R. Lehman, R. G. Tweed, M. Haring, J. Sonnega, D. Carr, and R. M. Nesse. 2002. Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:1150–1164.
Bonnanno, G. A., C. B. Wortman, and R. M. Nesse. 2004. Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood. Psychology and Aging 19:260–271.
Brent, D. A., J. Perper, G. Moritz, C. Allman, J. Schweers, C. Roth, L. Balach, B. S. Canobbio, and L. Liotus. 1993. Bereavement or depression? The impact of the loss of a friend to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32:1189–1197.
Byrne, G. J., and B. Raphael. 1994. A longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in recently widowed elderly men. Psychological Medicine 24:411–421.
Chen, J. H., A. J. Bierhals, H. G. Prigerson, S. V. Kasl, C. M. Mazure, S. Jacobs. 1999. Gender differences in the effects of bereavement-related psychological distress in health outcomes. Psychological Medicine 29:367–380.
Christ, G., G. A. Bonanno, R. Malkinson, and S. S. Rubin. 2003. Bereavement experiences after the death of a child. In When children die: Improving palliative and end-of-life care for children and their families, eds. M. Field and R. Berhman. Washington: National Academy Press.
van Doorn, C., S. Kasl, L. C. Beery, S. Jacobs, and H. G. Prigerson. 1998. The influence of marital quality and attachment styles on traumatic grief and depressive symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186:566–573.
Freud, Sigmund. 1961. Mourning and melancholia. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, ed. J. Strachey. New York: Basic Books.
Hardison, H. G., R. A. Neimeyer, and K. L. Lichstein. 2005. Insomnia and complicated grief symptoms in bereaved college students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 3:99–111.
Jordan, J. R., and R. A. Neimeyer. 2003. Does grief counseling work? Death Studies 27:765–786.
Kim, K., and S. Jacobs. 1991. Pathologic grief and its relationship to other psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 21:257–263.
Klass, D., P. R. Silverman, and S. L. Nickman eds. 1996. Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington: Taylor & Francis.
Kristjanson, L. J., Lobb, E. A., Aoun, S., Monterosso, L. 2006. A systematic review of the literature on complicated grief. Common wealth of Australia, Department of Health & Ageing.
Lichtenthal, W. G., D. G. Cruess, and H. G. Prigerson. 2004. A case for establishing complicated grief as a distinct mental disorder in DSM-V. Clinical Psychology Review 24:637–662.
Middleton, W., P. Burnett, B. Raphael, and N. Martinek. 1996. The bereavement response: A cluster analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 169:167–171.
Mitchell, A., Y. Kim, H. Prigerson, and M. Mortimer-Stephens. 2004. Complicated grief in survivors of suicide. Crisis 25:12–18.
Neimeyer, R. A., H. G. Prigerson, and B. Davies. 2002. Mourning and meaning. American Behavioral Scientist 46:235–251.
Ott, C. H. 2003. The impact of complicated grief on mental and physical health at various points in the bereavement process. Death Studies 27:249–272.
Parkes, C. 1998. Coping with loss: Bereavement in adult life. BMJ 316(7134):856–859.
Prigerson, H. G., and S. Jacobs. 2001a. Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder: A rationale, consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test. In Handbook of bereavement: Consequences, coping, and care, eds. M. S. Stroebe et al. Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
Prigerson, H. G., and S. Jacobs. 2001b. Caring for bereaved patients: “All the doctors just suddenly go”. Journal of the American Medical Association 286:1369–1376.
Prigerson, H. G., E. Frank, S. V. Kasl, C. F. Reynolds, B. Anderson, G. S. Zubenko, P. R. Houck, C. J. George, and D. J. Kupfer. 1995a. Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:22–30.
Prigerson, H. G. P. Maciejewski, C. F. Reynolds, A. J. Bierhals, J. T. Newsom, A. Fasiczka, E. Frank, J. Doman, and M. Miller. 1995b. Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research 59:65–79.
Prigerson, H. G., A. J. Bierhals, S. V. Kasl, C. F. Reynolds, K. Shear, J. T. Newsom, and S. Jacobs. 1996. Complicated grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: A replication study. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:1484–1486.
Prigerson, H. G., A. J. Bierhals, S. V. Kasl, C. F. Reynolds, M. K. Shear, N. Day, L. C. Beery, J. T. Newsom, and S. Jacobs. 1997. Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:616–623.
Prigerson, H. G., M. J. Horowitz, S. C. Jacobs, C. M. Parkes, M. Aslan, K. Goodkin, B. Raphael, S. J. Marwit, C. Wortman, R. A. Neimeyer, G. Bonanno, S. D. Block, D. Kissane, P. Boelen, A. Maercker, B. T. Litz, J. G. Johnson, M. B. First, P. K. Maciejewski. 2009. Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine 6:1–12.
Rando, T. 1992. The increasing prevalence of complicated mourning: The onslaught is just beginning. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 26:43–59
Rando, T. 1996. Complications in mourning traumatic death. In Living with grief after sudden loss: Suicide, homicide, accident, heart attack, stroke, ed. K. Doka. Washington: Hospice Foundation of America.
Raphael, B. 1983. The anatomy of bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
Rynearson, E. K., and J. M. McCready. 1993. Bereavement after homicide: A synergism of trauma and loss. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:258–261.
Schut, H., M. S. Stroebe, J. Van Den Bout, and M. Terheggen. 2001. The efficacy of bereavement interventions: Determining who benefits. In Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care, eds. M. S. Stroebe and R. O. Hansson. Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
Shear, K., and H. Shair. 2005. Attachment, loss, and complicated grief. Developmental Psychobiology 47:253–267.
Shear, K., F. Frank, and P. R. Houck, et al. 2005. Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 292(21):2601–2608.
Silverman, G. K., J. G. Johnson, and H. G. Prigerson. 2001. Preliminary explorations of the effects of prior trauma and loss on risk for psychiatric disorders in recently widowed people. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 38:202–215.
Stroebe, M. 2001. Bereavement research and theory: Retrospective and prospective. American Behavioral Scientist 44:854–865.
Stroebe, M., and W. Stroebe. 1991. Does “grief work” work? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59:855.
Stroebe, M., M. van Son, W. Stroebe, R. Kleber, H. Schut, and J. Van Den Bout. 2000. On the classification and diagnosis of pathological grief. Clinical Psychology Review 20:57–75.
Stroebe, M., H. Schut, and C. Finkenauer. 2001a. The traumatization of grief? A conceptual framework for understanding the trauma-bereavement interface. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 38:185–201.
Stroebe, W., M. Stroebe, and H. Schut. 2001b. Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review. In Handbook of bereavement research, eds. R. O. Hansson et al. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Vanderwerker, L. C., S. C. Jacobs, C. Murray-Parkes, and H. G. Prigerson. 2006. An exploration of associations between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in later-life. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 194(2):121–123.
Wortman, C. B., and R. C. Silver. 1989. The myths of coping with loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57:349–357.
Wortman, C. B., and R. C. Silver. 2001. The myths of coping with loss revisited. In Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care, eds. M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe and H. Schut. Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lobb, E.A. (2012). The Selfsame Well: Human Suffering in Grief and Bereavement. In: Malpas, J., Lickiss, N. (eds) Perspectives on Human Suffering. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2795-3_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2795-3_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2794-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2795-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)