Abstract
Because of the rich ethnic, racial, religious, and linguistic diversity in Malaysia, a growing number of studies have investigated the subjective wellbeing of Malaysians. Also, the results from past studies suggest that Malaysians are, comparatively, a bit less happy than citizens in Western countries. We examined the average life satisfaction scores for Malaysians compared to Americans using the last wave of data from the World Values Survey (WVS) database. To better understand the predictors of happiness and life satisfaction we compared two regression models using the WVS data. These regression models demonstrate that for the most part, for Malaysia, increased health leads to increased happiness, while increased financial satisfaction leads to increased life satisfaction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmad, A. (1996). Work-family conflict among married professional women in Malaysia. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 663–665.
Al-Naggar, R., Al-Jashamy, K. A., Yun, L. W., Isa, Z. M., Alsaror, M. I., & Al-Naggar, A. A. (2010). Perceptions and opinion of happiness among university students in a Malaysian university. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2), 1–8
Andrews, F. M., & Whitey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: America’s perception of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2001). Making the best of a bad situation: Satisfaction in the slums of Calcutta. Social Indicators Research, 55, 329–352.
Bowen, J. (1986). On the political construction of tradition: Gotong-Royong in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Studies, 45(3), 545–561.
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Alpine.
Brinkerhoff, M. B., Fredell, K. A., & Frideres, J. S. (1997). Basic minimum needs, quality of life and selected correlates: Explorations in villages in northern India. Social Indicators Research, 42, 245–281.
Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2011). A review of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being. Implications for conceptualization, operationalization, analysis, and synthesis. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 15, 290–314.
Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Cheung, C. K., & Leung, K. K. (2004). Forming life satisfaction among different social groups during the modernization of China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 23–56.
Cummins, R. A. (2000). Personal income and subjective well-being: A review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 133–158.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1995). The wealth of nations revisited: Income and quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 36, 275–286.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money. Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2006). Review of research on the influences on personal well-being and application to policy making. Defra commissioned research on well-being.
Easterlin, R. A. (2003). Building a better theory of well-being. Discussion Paper Series (No. 742). Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
European and World Values Surveys five-wave integrated data file, 1981–2008 (2008). The European Values Study Foundation and World Values Survey Association. Retrieved December 12, 2010 from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org.
Fuentes, N., & Rojas, M. (2001). Economic theory and subjective well-being: Mexico. Social Indicators Research, 53, 289–314.
Gillis, M., Perkins, D. H., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. R. (1996). Economics of development (4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
Gitmez, A. S., & Morcol, G. (1994). Socio-economic status and life satisfaction in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 31, 77–98.
Graham, C., & Pettinato, S. (2001). Happiness, markets, and democracy: Latin America in comparative perspective. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 237–268.
Howell, R. T., & Howell, C. J. (2008). The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 536–560.
Howell, C. J., Howell, R. T., & Schwabe, K. A. (2006). Is wealth related to happiness for the materially deprived? Examining the association between wealth and happiness among indigenous Malaysian farmers. Social Indicators Research, 76, 499–524.
Howell, R. T., Kurai, M, & Tam, L. (in press). Money buys financial security and psychological need satisfaction: Testing need theory in affluence Social Indicators Research.
Le, H. N., Berenbaum, H., & Raghavan, C. (2002). Culture and alexithymia: Mean levels, correlates, and the role of parental socialization of emotions. Emotion, 2, 341–360.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155.
Ng, K., Loy, J. T., Gudmunson, C. G., & Cheong, W. (2009). Gender differences in marital and life satisfaction among Chinese Malaysians. Sex Roles, 60, 33–43.
Noor, N. M. (2006). Malaysian women’s state of well-being: Empirical validation of a conceptual model. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 95–115.
Nordin, N. M., Talib, M. A., & Yaacob, S. N. (2009). Personality, loneliness and mental health among undergraduates at Malaysian universities. European Journal of Scientific Research, 36, 285–298.
Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 980–990.
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727.
Saris, W. E. (2001). The relationship between income and satisfaction: The effect of measurement error and suppressor variables. Social Indicators Research, 53, 117–136.
Schyns, P. (2002). Wealth of nations, individual income and life satisfaction in 42 countries: A multilevel approach. Social Indicators Research, 60, 5–40.
Seik, F. T. (2000). Subjective assessment of urban quality of life in Singapore (1997–1998). Habitat International, 24(1), 31–49.
Shinn, D. (1986). Education and the quality of life in Korea and the United States: A cross-cultural perspective. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 360–370.
Swami, V. (2008). Translation and validation of the Malay Subjective Happiness Scale. Social Indicators Research, 88, 347–353.
Swami, V. (2009). Psychometric analysis of the Malay version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) and a comparison of loneliness among sojourning and non-sojourning Malaysian students. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 2, 38–50.
Swami, V., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Psychometric evaluation of the Malay satisfaction with life scale. Social Indicators Research, 92, 25–33.
Swami, V., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Sinniah, D., Maniam, T., Kannan, K., Stanistreet, D., et al. (2007). General health mediates the relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and depression: A study with Malaysian medical students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 161–166.
Swami, V., Stieger, S., Voracek, M., Dressler, S. G., Eisma, L., & Furnham, A. (2009). Psychometric evaluation of the Tagalog and German Subjective Happiness Scales and a cross-cultural comparison. Social Indicators Research, 93, 393–406.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1989). Using multivariate statistics (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Tov, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Culture and subjective well-being. In E. Diener (Ed.), Culture and well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. Social Indicators Research Series 38. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_2.
Tsou, M., & Liu, J. (2001). Happiness and domain satisfaction in Taiwan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 269–288.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Correlates of happiness: 7,836 findings from 603 studies in 69 nations: 1911–1994. Unpublished manuscript, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
Zavisca, J., & Hout, M. (2005) Does money buy happiness in unhappy Russia? Retrieved June 26, 2006 from the eScholarship Repository, University of California. http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034%26;context=iseees/bps.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Howell, R.T., Chong, W.T., Howell, C.J., Schwabe, K. (2012). Happiness and Life Satisfaction in Malaysia. In: Selin, H., Davey, G. (eds) Happiness Across Cultures. Science Across Cultures: the History of Non-Western Science, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2699-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2700-7
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)