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Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori

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Bacteria and Cancer

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Abstract

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that chronically infects the stomach of more than 50% of the human population and represents a major cause of gastric cancer, gastric lymphoma, gastric autoimmunity and peptic ulcer diseases. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies H. pylori as a human carcinogen for gastric cancer. Eradicating the bacterium in high-risk populations reduces the incidence of gastric cancer. Likewise, antibiotic treatment leads to regression of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Gastric inflammation induced by H. pylori is the main singular risk factor for gastric malignancies. This chapter outlines the bacterial and host factors involved in the genesis of gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma. Treatment options for patients with an advanced gastric malignancy are still limited, but the introduction of an effective vaccine will be the best tool for preventing both H. pylori infection, gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma.

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Abbreviations

AIG:

Autoimmune gastritis

BER:

Base excision repair

BMDC:

Normal bone marrow stem cells

EGFR:

Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor

GC:

Gastric Cancer

HbEGF:

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

HP:

Helicobacter pylori

IFNGR :

Interferon gamma receptor

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

KO:

Knockout

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MALT:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

MALToma:

MALT lymphoma

MBL2 :

Mannose binding lectin-2 gene

mmP1:

matrix metalloproteinase 1

MMR:

Mismatch repair pathway

mtDNA:

mitochondrial DNA

NFAT:

Nuclear factor of activated T cells

NoD1:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1

omP:

outer membrane proteins

Pi3K:

Phosphotidyl inositol 3 kinase

PTPRZ1:

Protein receptor-type tyrosine protein phosphatase-ζ

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SHP-2:

Src homology 2 domain–containing tyrosine phosphatase 2

T4SS:

Type 4 Secretion system

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumour Necrosis Factor

TPM:

Tyrosine phosphorylation motifs

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

VNTR:

Variable number of tandem repeats

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Acknowledgment

The authors thank Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze and the Italian Ministry of University and Research, for support of their studies, and Dr. Chiara Della Bella for the artwork.

Financial & Competing Interests Disclosure

Mario M. D’Elios and Amedeo Amedei are applicants of the EU Patent 05425666.4 for HP-NAP as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer, asthma, allergic and infectious diseases. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, viale Morgagni 85, 50134, Florence, Italy

    Amedeo Amedei & Mario M. D’Elios

  2. Department of Biomedicine, Policlinico AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy

    Amedeo Amedei & Mario M. D’Elios

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  1. Amedeo Amedei
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  2. Mario M. D’Elios
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Correspondence to Mario M. D’Elios .

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  1. Vinay Nagar 2C, Gwalior, 474012, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Abdul Arif Khan

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Amedei, A., D’Elios, M.M. (2012). Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori . In: Khan, A. (eds) Bacteria and Cancer. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2585-0_2

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